TB8 Flashcards
What is the empiricist approach?
Nature provides infants with learning mechanisms yet categories are from environmental measures
What are the differences between adults and children in cross-modal integration?
Adults have cross-modal integration where as children do not - they cannot recognise something in a differing modality.
When searching for hidden objects when can children:
A) Complete A not B error?
B) invisible displacement?
C) object permenance
A) 8-12m
B) 12-18m
C)18-24m
What is the nativist approach?
Infants are born with an innate ability to categorise objects and concepts.
What are the five domains of core knowledge within the nativist approach?
Knowledge of core objects, knowledge about actions, knowledge about number, knowledge about geometry and core social knowledge.
Within the knowledge of objects, nativist approach, what are the three main aspects and what do they mean?
- Cohesion - objects move as connected and bounded wholes
- Continuity - objects move on connected, unobserved paths
- Contact - others influence each others motion only with contact
What did Csibra (99) find when examining 9mo children and their knowledge about actions?
Found that when children had been habituated to controls, they didn’t have have a preference for the old or new object where as children who had habituated to the old action, looked longer at the new action as it was novel.
Do infants perceive directness? And if so, use research to back it up.
Yes, when looking at a light which is turned on by someones head, if they have hands free the infant will copy pressing the light with their head but if their hand are occupied, they will touch the light with their hands.
When are basic categories and supra ordinate classes determined?
12mo
When are subordinate classes determined?
30mo
At what age can children override perceptual similarities by language?
1yo
At 1yo what areas of the brain are fully formed? And what is the function of that area?
The frontal lobe which forms and maintains the integration of old and new memories
When do children understand numerical equality?
5mo
At what age can children count?
3yo
What does magnitude include and what area of the brain controls this?
It includes time, space and number and the interior parietal sulus is important
When infants have to study novel creatures, what are the findings?
They found that at 1yo, children use lexical semantic information to form categories
What is the structure of categories?
Supra ordinate (general concepts) - basic categories - subordinate (specific features)
When studying language structure influencing categories, when is performance best?
Performance is best when subordinate categories are given as they provide the most description.
What is the meaning of cognitive architecture?
Input - output with mental operation working within the middle
What are the three main components of attention?
Orientating, alerting and executive control
Meaning of overt orientation?
Shifting eyes to selectively attend to a specific location
Meaning of covert attention?
Not shifting eyes but aware of things in the periphery.
What does alerting include? And what age is it evident?
It includes taking a cue and allocating attention to it - develops at 8yo
At what age do infants engage in dyadic forms of joint attention? And when can they follow eye-gaze?
0-6mo and 6mo
When do infant show a TOM?
8-9mo
What have findings shown about multiple vs single toys and attention and distraction?
NOTES
In human memory, what contributes to STM?
Phonological loop, visa-spatial sketchpad and central executive
How long can information be held in the LTM?
lifetime
In infants, 6mo, what is their familiarisation time? What happens to FT when age increases?
They found infants are able to recognise novel shapes instantly but they need longer to realise ones that are familiar = 20-30s. When age increases, only need 10s ti realise something is familiar.
At what age can infants distinguish between complex and easy tasks?
5-6mo
What are the three strategies in retention?
Rehearsal, organisation and elaboration.
What are the three components of memory?
Encoding, storage and retrieval
What happens to all components of memory as age increases?
Capacity increases in all three components
In dyslexics, what part of the STM is damaged?
Impaired phonological loop
In dyscalculia sufferers, what part of the STM is damaged?
Visa-spatial sketchpad
In ADHD sufferers, what part of the STM is damaged?
The central executive
In autobiographical memory, at what age are children best?
6yo
What are the four aspects of autobiographical memory?
Explicit retrieval of past events, development of narrative, social sharing of memories and development of the sense of self
When do infants know that each letter has a specific sound?
6-7yo
When do children become rapid and fluent readers?
7-8yo
What is the phonic approach?
When letters and sounds are put together.
What is phonological awareness? How is it tested?
Refers to a childs understanding of the sound units and structures in spoken words. Treatment is rhyming.
What is the norm score for IQ testing?
85-115
What are the four main intelligence tests?
Bayley scales of Infant development, Fagan tests of infant intelligence, Stanford-Binet scale and Weschler Intelligence scales
What is the Bayley Scale of Infant Development?
1mo-3.5yo, looks at mental scale (looking for hidden items), motor scale (jumping and grasping), and behaviour (sociability).
What is the Fagan test of intelligence?
Test based on visual comparisons
What is the Stanford-Binet Test?
Looks at reasoning and memory and developed the concept of mental age.
What is the wechsler intelligence test?
based on pre-school children over the age of 6. It tests verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning.
What did McGue find when investigating IQ nature?
Found that monozygous twins were more likely to have a higher correlation in IQ than IQ scored between dyzogotic twins who only share 50% of DNA.
What is a microsystem?
A family
What are the correlations between the home environment and IQ?
They found that there was a positive correlation between IQ at 2yo and 11yo. if the home environment stayed stable, then IQ scores would also remain stable.
What is a mesosystem?
School
What were the links between school and IQ?
Scrolling influences IQ more than age.
What is an exosystem?
Social Wealth
What is the flynn effect?
average IQ scores have risen but this may be due to an increase in wealth
What is the main predictor of high IQ?
Academic achievement
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through consequences
What is observational learning?
Learning through observation
What are the four main aspects of the cognitive theory of learning?
Statistical regularities, learning through association, learning through imitation and explanation based learning.
What are mastery-orientated children? How did they view intelligence?
When they want to learn a skill and if they fail, they feel neutral or positive. They viewed it as incremental - malleable
What are helpless children? How did they view intelligence?
They gave up easily and expressed negative emotions when they failed. They viewed it as entity - fixed.
What are the main symptoms of Williams Beurens Syndrome?
Physical features - cardiac and dental abnormalities, premature ageing of the skin and horse voice
Personality - over friendly, generous, unafraid of strangers
Cognitive - intact language and face recognition yet impaired spatial and numerical information
What chromosome is affected in William Beurens Syndrome?
Chromosome 7
What is the average IQ for William Beurens Syndrome?
average of 60
What are the four main language processing effects in Williams Beurens Syndrome patients?
- Expressive language is used
- Relative strength in grammar
- Unusual vocabulary
- Enrichment of linguistic effect - use rich detail
In social tasks, such as facial recognition and TOM. How do Williams Beurens Syndrome patients perform?
IN facial recognition tasks, they perform the same as controls - in tact. Where as they do not have a TOM and can sometimes act inappropriately, similarly to autistic children.
What aspects of spatial cognition are intact and impaired in Down’s syndrome patients?
Good at global organisation yet poor at internal information
What aspects of spatial cognition are intact and impaired in Williams syndrome patients?
Good at internal information yet poor at global organisation
What are the two theories based on the nature of the visuospatial disorder?
- local processing bias
2. dorsal stream anomaly deficit hypothesis
From the doral stream analomaly deficit hypothesis, what is the result of Williams syndrome patients?
They are missing some genes in the dorsal stream.
What are two biological disorders which affect IQ?
Tuberous sclerosis and phenyketinuria
What is infantile amnesia?
Lack of memories before the age of 5.
What did Sheingold and Tenny find when asking children about the birth of a sibling?
they found that the child remembered almost nothing if the child was below the age of 3.
What are the three reasons behind infantile amnesia? Explain them.
- Memory Format Hypothesis - format of memories change when children get older
- Neutral Change hypothesis - immature brain areas are unable to store memories
- Cueing hypothesis - early memories may be assessed only with special cues.
What are the conclusions of Simcock and Hayne’s research?
There are age related differences in how memories are presented- as age increases so does verbal recall, language and photograph identification. Behavioural reenactment was best between 24m-48m but not between.
What is subitizing?
Infants can look at objects and immediately know what they are.
What is the realisation that all sets of N objects have something in common?
Numerical equality
Give the three reasons as to how memory affects category formation?
Verbal labels override perceptual cues, grammatical information is used to make inferences and both lexical-semantic and syntactic information contributes to categorisation of objects
When infants recognise words, what cues benefit this process?
Semantic cues
Give four ways in which memory in infants is tested.
Visual Paired Comparisons, Habituation, Operant conditioning, elicited imitation
What is the micro-genetic method?
Assess behaviour at multiple times in learning processes.
What is metacognition?
Knowledge about knowledge
What is a script?
Mental representation of a life event
When studying genotype interactions, what interaction is associated with parents having passed on that genotype?
Passive interactions
When focusing on phenotypes, what are evoke interactions?
When phenotypes emerge though child’s influence on others.
Within the cognitive theory, what is statistical regularities?
Word learning studies - look longer at novel words rather than old words.
What is neoconstructivism?
Genetic bases of cognitive abilities must be assessed in respect to development over time.
