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Development and Language > TB6- Sentences and Meaning > Flashcards

TB6- Sentences and Meaning Flashcards

1
Q

homopone=

homograph=

A 
homopone= same sound, diff meaning
homograph= same spelling, diff meaning
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2
Q

Piantodosi ambiguity and language

A

ambiguity makes language more effective by MINIMISING SPEAKERS EFFORT. ambiguous words are shorter, more common and fewer sound combos

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3
Q

Swinney - where does activation spread?

A

similar words in semantics. If irrelevant meaning is activated, spreads to similar words to that too.
measured by SEMANTIC PRIMING- all lexical candidates activated at first then context comes in later (after a 3 syllable delay irrelevant words been suppressed)

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4
Q

what does swinneys model not account for?

A

frequency of words

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5
Q

ambiguous words take longer to read

A

tf multiple meanings are activated and compete

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6
Q

if freq and context are in favour of one…

if mixed…

A

other word rep is suppressed

if one favour of one and one the other, competition due to equal activation eg context favours subordinate meanings

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7
Q

what are noun phrases NPs, and constituents?

A

NP- moves as a unit and includes a noun (person/thing) and modifier
Constituent- words clumped into larger unit, reflected by pauses.

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8
Q

what 2 things are structure, and what do these TF allow for?

A

structure is generative (can recognise and generate new egs) and hierarchical (reflects constituents who work with others to form larger ones)
allows for recursion.

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9
Q

is recursion universal?

A

no, some languages have limits on sentence length.

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10
Q

what do shadowing tasks show about incrementality and meaning processing?

A

show incrementality exists, and when you replace words with nonwords they repeat more slowly TF processing meaning

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11
Q

what is a reduced relative clause?

A

grammatical structure with a relative clause where some function words removed, leading to ambiguity eg the horse (that was) raced past the barn fell
(another relative clause is can i have the pencil THAT I gave you?)

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12
Q

how can you detect GPE in sentence reading?

A

time how long it takes to read the disambiguating part compared to the same sentence with function words included

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13
Q

issue with reading time tasks where they press button for new part? self guided

A

unatural TF moving window paradigm introduced.

spillover effects- press next but didn’t fully understand tf take longer reading next part. can also use eyemovements

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14
Q

garden path theory Frazier?

A

only structure considered and parser only computes one structure and meaning
incremental and modular.
SYNTAX THEN SEMANTICS

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15
Q

constraint based approach

A

multiple interpretations of an ambiguous structure are simultaneously evaluated against constraints. PARALLEL.
SEMANTICS/CONTEXT INFLUENCES EARLY INTERPRETATION. can ramp up or suppress activation using these constraints.

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16
Q

crits of GPT

A

relative clause sentences can be harder/easier to read with similar strutures.
reduced relative clauses dont always cause issues of interpretation- MacDonald

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17
Q

has all the evidence been considered with garden path sentences according to GPT and constraint theories?

A

constraint- parser HAS considered all the evidence, just weighted in wrong direction
GPT- limits of understanding

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18
Q

what predicts the difficulty of ambiguous sentences?

A

thematic relations associated with verbs eg how many Ps/roles- constraint says have access to this, reduced RT when thematic info strong
syntactic frames of verbs- constraint says parser accesses the semantic frames early on, but GPT that it just notices theyre verbs
lots of evidence parser takes into account statistical probability of frames

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19
Q

evidence syntactic frames influence GPEs

A

trueswell and kim- self paced reading task with ambiguous sentences and priming verb subliminally to favour one type of frame. IDENTITY OF PRIME SHIFTED EXPECTATIONS AND AFFECTED RTs. semantic bias for one word can spread activation

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20
Q

are syntactic and lexical ambituity discrete?

A

syntactic can come from lexical TF not as discrete as thought (lexical factors influence syntactic ambiguity interpretation)- mcdonald

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21
Q

is there a frequency bias with GPS?

A

yes- maybe reduced relative clauses are harder because their structure is less frequent

22
Q

does context reduce GPEs?

A

yes, we can recruit it quickly to avert GPEs

23
Q

Tanenhaus apple and towel experiment

A

evidence for GP interpretation due to eye movements to the inappropriate towel. no gpe when context appropriate to the normally less preferred structure of garden path sentence.

24
Q

what do japanese case markers tell us about predictivity of sentences?

A

predictive language is sensitive to linguistic subtleties like casemarkers
brainwaves and eyetracking also show predictive processing

25
Q

ERP data N400 Delong

A

N400 seen for unpredictable words, evidence of it at the PREVIOUS WORD, so shows we predict words.
surprisal- Hale (inversely correlated to predictability of an event/continuation)
knowledge of language correlates with speed of predictions and vocab size (Borovsky)

26
Q

Grice- conversational implicature

A

extra part of meaning reflecting their intended meaning above the linguistic code
hard meanings- linguistic code
soft meanings-inferring
they arise when we use Grices maxims to infer and implicatures are reasoned out, not automatic

27
Q

scalar implicature

A

a vague expression deliberately used rather than the stronger version, conveying the stronger version is untrue. children do from 6 perhaps. most 7-11s didnt but when given in a game many 3 year olds do (shulze)

28
Q

does conversational implicature take processing time/effort?

A

yes eg bott and noveck- pragmatic preferred to semantic but RTs slower and more errors are made when you instruct people to make pragmatic

29
Q

DeNays & Schaeken dot pattern harder > choose

A

FEWER pragmatic interpretations (choose semantic/literal)

30
Q

ferreira- do speakers try to avoid ambiguity?

A

when all unrelated gave single noun 65% time, when 2 bats much better at giving info. lexical ambiguity (2 types of bat) > bare nouns 40% time
tf different ambiguities tap into different stages of speech production with nonlinguistic earlier than linguistic ambiguity

31
Q

arnold- do speakers try to avoid ambiguity when attaching prepositional phrases?

A

ambiguity did NOT affect syntactic choices but relative weight did-speakers choose whatever is easiest for speaking.
ferreira and dell- same result, when recalling from memory decision to insert “what” was not affected by ambiguity but was by accessability of pronoun

32
Q

BROWN AND DELL feedback from hearers

A

speakers mentioned instrument 2x as much when unpreictable, but in followup speakers didnt take listeners perspective into account (issue-backchannel feedback in body language)

33
Q

keysar

A

all automatic language processes are WITHOUT AN EGOCENTRIC FRAME OF REFERENCE and fast general egocentric processes separated from slower reasoning/mindreading

34
Q

swinney multiple access model

A

meanings accessed first, THEN context- autonomous/modular
support- Swinney priming found both meanings activated in lexical decision at first
Tanenhaus- priming for verb and nonverb based on interpretation and later only the contextually appropriate one

35
Q

Schvanenvelt- context guided single reading lexical access

A

interactive model with EARLY CONTEXT effects
support-Tabossi and Zardon- dont always activate all meanings (dominant meaning for subordinate)
Lucas metaanalysis- weaker interactive models say sentences BIAS ACTIVATIONS so some interaction

36
Q

Ferreria- are speakers better at avoiding linguistic or nonlinguistic ambiguity?

A

better at avoiding nonlinguistic which is evidence of common ground

37
Q

2 theories for indirect speech

A

1- 2 stage mechanism with literal THEN pragmatic- searle

2- one stage parallel- ONLY LITERAL MEANING CONSIDERED (?)

38
Q

incremental parsing- tyler and marslen-wilson

A

FASTER responses for APPROPRIATE context, supports incrementality

39
Q

garden path theory assumptions

A 
Serial
Autonomous
Incremental
Innate
(only incremental is supported still)
40
Q

cuetos and mitchell

A

not innate like GPT says as spanish prefer early closure.

gibson- memory can be a constraint

41
Q

does animacy influence GPEs?

A

eye tracking shows GPE bigger for animate. a semantic effect so against GPT

42
Q

Tanenhaus

A

visual content of sentences influenced likelihood of GPE (language and visual world interact) TF supports referential context and not GPE

43
Q

Referential context

A

altmann and steedman- 1 safe vs 2 safe context. MINIMAL ATTACHMENT SLOWER WITH 2 SAFES
AGAINST GPT. referential theory needs to specify.
-incremental
-context affects selection
-context can override GPE

44
Q

simon effect

A

longer RT for incongruent patch.

about response congruency

45
Q

did bilinguals or monolinguals do better in simon effect incongruent condiiton? Bialystok & Craik,

A

BILINGUALS DID BETTER and even bigger gap with age
Better “executive control”
– more able to ignore/inhibit/suppress irrelevant
information
– often related to frontal lobe function

46
Q

advantages of being bilingual?

A

executive control eg stroop
ambiguous interpretation
cognitive reserve
flanker task-response inhibition

47
Q

disadvantages of being bilingual?

A

vocabulary
slower lexical access in picture naming
worse at category fluency (but better letter)

48
Q

Emmorey et al- unimodals or bimodals faster at flanker/ go no go?

A

unimodals faster but no difference in accuracy

(bimodals and monos same) suggests advantage in cognitive control comes from swapping languages in the same modality

49
Q

weaknesses to Emmorey study?

A

AoA not controlled well-5y diff
attention couldve played a part due to position of chevron
perception- bimodals do 2 at once
modularity seen but not as much as fodor suggests

50
Q

what does emmorey study tell us about cognitive abilities of bilinguals?

A 
It’s not enough to know two languages
– They need to be either:
• particularly similar
• or you need to be practised at switching between them
– code switching vs. code-blending
51
Q

what does studying bilinguals tell us about plasticity/modularity?

A

Language is not a modular, encapsulated
system as Fodor as argued
– it makes use of general cognitive resources
• Long-term repeated practice with a language
can have a significant impact on our general
cognitive abilities
– Suggests a great deal of plasticity

Development and Language (2 decks)

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