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Biology - A, Y12 > Taxonomy, Variation, and Biodiversity - A9 > Flashcards

Taxonomy, Variation, and Biodiversity - A9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define species.

A

A group of organisms that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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2
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The study of evolutionary history of groups or organisms

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3
Q

What does phylogeny tell us about organisms?

A

It tells us how closely related species are.

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4
Q

What is shown on a phylogenetic tree?

A

That all organisms have evolved from a shared common ancestor.
Also shows the most recent/distant common ancestor.

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5
Q

What does each branch represent on a phylogenetic tree?

A

-Each branch point represents a common ancestor
-The first branch point represents a common ancestor of all family members - now extinct

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6
Q

Define hierarchy.

A

Groups within groups with no overlap.

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7
Q

True or false: taxonomy is hierarchical.

A

true

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8
Q

What is taxonomy/classification?

A

Naming organisms and organising them into groups- easier to identify and study

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9
Q

What is the taxa?

A

The 8 levels of groups of taxonomy - each group is called a taxon

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10
Q

How are the groups arranged in the taxa?

A

-The groups are arranged in hierarchy with the largest groups at the top.
-organisms can only belong to one group at each level ->no overlap

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11
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukaryota, prokaryota, archaea

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12
Q

What is the order of the 8 taxa?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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13
Q

How are organisms grouped in a classification system?

A

Grouped by hierarchy

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14
Q

What are the phylogenetic groups?

A

Groups based on evolutionary links

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15
Q

What is the binomial naming system?

A

-first name - Genus - Caps
-last name - species- lower case

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16
Q

What is courtship behaviour?

A

Behaviour used by organisms to attract a mate of the correct species.

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17
Q

What are the two different types of courtship behaviour?

A

-simples: releasing a chemical(pheromones), using sound, visual display
-complex: dancing. building(a nest)

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18
Q

What does it mean if courtship behaviour is species specific?

A

Only members of same species will do and respond to courtship behaviour

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19
Q

What does it mean if the courtship behaviour of two organisms are similar?

A

The more similar courtship behaviour, the more closely related.

20
Q

What does it mean if members of the same species can recognise each other?

A

It prevents inbreeding which leads to more successful reproduction.

21
Q

How do courtship behaviours increase the probability of successful mating?

A

-attract the same species
-stimulates release of gametes
-attraction of opposite sex
-indication of sexual maturity
-formation of bond between organisms/pair bond

22
Q

How is genome sequencing used in classification?

A

-entire base sequences of an organism’s DNA can be determined
-compare DNA base sequences between different organisms to see how closely related they are
-closely related species will have a higher percentage of similarity in their DNA base sequence

23
Q

How are proteins used for comparing how closely related organisms are?

A

You can compare the amino acid/primary sequences of the same protein from different species to determine how closely related they are. This is because the amino acid sequence is coded for by the DNA base sequence.

24
Q

What does it mean for an organism’s relation if the amino acid sequence is similar?

A

The ore similar the amino acid sequence, the more closely related the species are and share a more recent common ancestor.

25
Q

Why is comparing amino acid sequences not as accurate as comparing DNA base sequences?

A

Not as accurate as comparing DNA base sequences because the genetic code is degenerate so there may be the same amino acid sequence coded for by different DNA base sequences.
-“they have ‘x’ amino acid different” “closely related/ most recent common ancestor”
-have to link to different amino acids to different base sequences

26
Q

What are the different things you should compare to see how closely related organisms are?

A

-DNA base sequences
-mRNA base sequences
-amino acid sequences
-courtship behaviours
-observable features(this is not the best exam answer)

27
Q

What are immunological comparisons?

A

As antibodies are proteins, similar proteins will also bind to the same amino acids.

28
Q

How can immunological comparisons be used to determine how closely related species are?

A

Proteins that bind antibodies will often form a precipitate in a solution. The more antibodies bind, the more precipitate will form, therefore the mass of the precipitate could be used to determine how similar the two proteins and therefore species are.

29
Q

Define biodiversity.

A

The number of species and the number of individuals of each of the species within any one community.

30
Q

Define community.

A

All the individuals of all the species living together in the same area at the same time.

31
Q

Define habitat.

A

The place where an organisms lives.

32
Q

Define species richness.

A

The number of different species in a community.

33
Q

What are the two different levels of biodiversity?

A

Local biodiversity and global biodiversity.

34
Q

What is local biodiversity?

A

The variety of different species living in a small habitat e.g. a pond or a meadow. Some habitats will be more diverse than others.

35
Q

What is global biodiversity?

A

The variety of species on Earth. Biodiversity differs in different parts of the world - greatest at the equators and decreases towards the poles.

36
Q

How do we measure biodiversity?

A

Species richness can be a measure of biodiversity however, the populations of those species also affect the biodiversity. We use an index of biodiversity to calculate biodiversity.

37
Q

How does biodiversity index measure?

A

Measures the biodiversity using an equation.

38
Q

What does the biodiversity index take into consideration?

A

Takes into consideration both the number of species in a community(species richness) and the abundance of each species(population size) into account.

39
Q

What is the diversity index?

A

The higher the no., the greater the diversity.
The no. of species and the no. of individuals of each species within one community.

40
Q

What is the equation for the diversity index?

A

d= N(N-1)/En(n-1)

d-species diversity index
N- no. of total organisms
n- no. of each species
E- sum of

41
Q

What is the agriculture effect on biodiversity?

A

remove habitats/monocultures/herbicides
->reduced no. of plant species -> reduced no of food(sources) available/ reduced types of habitats -> reduced no. of animal species( could also be caused by insecticides(pesticides))

All of this reduces biodiversity.

42
Q

Define monocultures.

A

Grow one type of crop on a massive field.

43
Q

What are the positive effects of replanting?

A

increased pollinators which pollinates crops to help them grow
-more income
-increase biodiversity so increase predators of pests
-increased predators of pests so more yield/income/less crop damage

44
Q

Define agriculture.

A

Producing resources we need from the environment - clothes, food, medicines, fuels

45
Q

Why are conservation schemes important?

A

We need to maintain the environment as it provides us with new sources of food, medicines, and it benefits agriculture e.g. wide vareity of insects to pollinate crops.

46
Q

What are the ethical reasons for conserving biodiversity?

A

-prevents extinction of species
-prevents the loss of populations of organisms
-prevents loss of habitats

47
Q

What are the economical reasons for conserving biodiversity?

A

-medical uses
-tourism
-boosts agriculture

Biology - A, Y12 (9 decks)

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