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Bio 108 - 2023 > Taxonomy/Systematics > Flashcards

Taxonomy/Systematics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is etymology

A

the study or word origins

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1
Q

etymos =

A

true sense

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2
Q

logos =

A

word

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3
Q

what is taxonomy

A

the practive (and a little theory) of a classifying organisms

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4
Q

taxo =

A

arrange

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5
Q

nomos =

A

knowledge/ science of

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6
Q

what is systematics

A

the theory (and a little practice) of classifying organisms

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7
Q

what is nomenclature

A

system of rules for naming things

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8
Q

nomen =

A

name

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9
Q

what is ethnotaxonomy

A

examines how different cultures classify plants and animals

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10
Q

what is a common name

A

name for organisms that are not based on Linnaean system

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11
Q

what are some problems with common names

A
  1. common names can differ for a species
  2. same name for different species
  3. common name may imply incorrect relationships
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12
Q

who made the linnaean system

A

Carl Linnaeus

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13
Q

what book series did Carl Linnaeus write

A

Systema Naturae

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14
Q

What are the two proposals in Systema Naturae

A
  1. use of Latin as a universal language for nomenclature
  2. use of unique binomen (2 parts for each name)
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15
Q

What does a binomen have

A

genus name and a specific epithet

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16
Q

Within the Linnaean system, what are groups of organisms called?

A

Taxa

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17
Q

What are nested subsets within the Linnaean system?

A

taxonomic levels or ranks

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18
Q

All animals must be placed into the following taxonomic ranks:

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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19
Q

In 1990, what higher taxonomic rank was formed?

A

Domain - Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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20
Q

what are the three formatting rules for scientific names

A
  1. genus and specific epithet always italicized
  2. Taxon name (expect epithet) capitalized when used as nouns
  3. A genus name may be abbreviated (Alces alces = A. alces)
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21
Q

when was the ICZN created

A

1905

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22
Q

what does the ICZN stand for

A

international code of zoological nomenclature

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23
Q

what do the ICZN rules determine

A

they determine how animal taxon anems should be formed and when they should be changed

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24
Q

when was the first day of the published binomial species names are considered official (first rule of ICZN)

A

january 1, 1758

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25
Q

why is the oldest published name of a taxon considered the correct one? (second rule of ICZN)

A

because it has priority, also called senior synonym. any recent ones are called junior synonyms

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26
Q

third rule of ICZN? hint: has to do with the author

A

the person who originally described that taxon is considered the taxons author

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27
Q

if the same name is used for two different taxa at the same rank, what happens?

A

the oldest names wins (senior homonym)
reminder: this is only for the SAME RANK

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28
Q

why can some plants or animals have the same genus name? (5th ICZN rule)

A

same names from different codes are not homonyms

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29
Q

can specific epithets share the same name as long as they arent in the same genus? (6th rule of ICZN)

A

Yes

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30
Q

7th rule of ICZN? hint: latin

A

names must be in Latin alphabet

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31
Q

What ending should there be for family names of animals? (7th rule of ICZN)

A

“-idae”

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32
Q

what should happen if a species is tranffered to a different genus? (9th rule of ICZN)

A

should be indicated by parentheses around the name of the author
eg. Hexacaudalges casuaricolus (Proctor)

33
Q

what is a subspecies

A

morphologically different populations of a species are sometimes given names below the rank of species

34
Q

what are those who engage in systematics called?

A

systematists

35
Q

what do mdoern systematists focus on

A

they focus on the reasons why particular taza should be grouped together

36
Q

how has the focus shifted in systematics

A

focus has switched from simply adding new taxa to methods for determining relatedness among taxa

37
Q

what is molecular systematics

A

uses molecular genetics to stufy the evolution of relationships among individuals and species

38
Q

what is statigraphy

A

temporal order in which fossils occur

39
Q

what tools did systematists have to create sensible classfications?

A

-stratigraphy
-expertise in the taxon
-common sense about which aspects of things seemed more primitive vs advanced

40
Q

in 1960 (or 1950??) , what new method arose to help systematists to create classifications in a more objective fashion?

A

Henningian systematics

41
Q

who created the Hennigian systematics

A

German etomologist Willi Hennig

42
Q

what is the Hennigian systematics based on?

A

based on ancestor-descendent relationships of species and higher taxa (shared evolutionary history)

43
Q

clados

A

branch

44
Q

phylon

A

tribe or race

45
Q

gen

A

to create

46
Q

what is a clade

A

a group or organisms whose close evolutionary relationship is suported by these characteristics

47
Q

what are cladograms

A

branching diagrams showing hypothesized relationships

48
Q

gramm

A

a mark or line

49
Q

what do cladograms represent

A

they represent only the order of evolutionary events and which taxa share more recent common ancestors

50
Q

do the lengths of branches in cladograms mean anything?

A

No

51
Q

what is a node or branching point

A

its where lineages diverge

52
Q

what is dichotomy

A

node tat splits into two taxa

53
Q

dich

A

split in two

54
Q

tom

A

cut

55
Q

what is polytomy

A

unresolved pattern of divergence (usually splits into 3 or more)

56
Q

what is a basal taxon

A

it branches off earliest in a cladogram

57
Q

what are taxa

A

taxa are groups of organims that have been given scientific names by people

58
Q

what is the goal of modern systematics

A

for taxa to represent clades of related organisms

59
Q

what is an ingroup

A

systematists collect information of a group whose relationship tey are interested in untangling

60
Q

what is a character

A

each type of sturcture behavior, etc
e.g. colour of iris

61
Q

what is a state

A

manifestation of a character in a given taxon e.g. eye colour is orange in Columba livia

62
Q

what are outgroups

A

characters for one or more taxathat are related to the ingroup but have divered from it at an earlier time

63
Q

what is the goal of cladistic analysis

A

to construct a set of nested relationships that minimizes the number of times a character has to change states

64
Q

what is parsimony

A

the simpliest explanation is most likely to be correct

65
Q

what is priniciple of parsimony also known as?

A

Occam’s Razor

66
Q

what is character-state polarization?

A

the ancestral state becomes derived (0–>1)

67
Q

changes and relationships among taxa are often presented in a _______

A

cladogram

68
Q

what is synapomorphy

A

a shared, derived character, common between an ancestor and its descendants (hair between mammals and vertebrates)

69
Q

what is symplesiomorphy

A

refers to an ancestral character (trait-state) shared by two or more taxa (hair colour/texture of mammals)

70
Q

syn=

A

together

71
Q

apo=

A

away from

72
Q

morph=

A

form

73
Q

plesio=

A

near

74
Q

autopomorphy

A

unique derived character state present in only one taxon (hair on a leopard)

75
Q

auto=

A

self

76
Q

what is homologous

A

character states that look the same have the same evolutionary origin

77
Q

homo=

A

same

78
Q

what does analogous/homoplasious/covergent mean

A

character states appear to be the same but they actually eveolved independently

79
Q

what is a distance-based phylogram

A

the number of differences between taxa are represented by branch lengths

80
Q

what is the main difference between distance-based phylograms and cladograms?

A

cladograms do not provide certain information with their branch lengths

81
Q
A

Bio 108 - 2023 (2 decks)

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