Taxonomy/Cloning

Question 1

Biotechnology

manip of DNA –> comp & functions
Ex : V, C, bf, os

Answer 1

Consist of the manipulation of DNA to
produce new compounds or to
perform new functions
- Vaccines and antibiotics
- Crops
- Biofuels
- Oil spills

Question 2

DNA Extraction (pt 1)

• Cell breakdown
• Cell Lysis
• Protein removal

Answer 2

DNA must be isolated to work on it
1. After cell collection, the cells are broken open to get to the DNA
2. “lysis” is the process of cell rupture
3. Proteins and other macromolecules are
removed
- Enzymes help to break these down

Question 3

DNA Extraction (pt 2)

• DNA Binding
• Wash
• DNA Elution

Answer 3

4. DNA is brought out of solution via alcohol
   - The gelatinous mass rising up is the DNA
5. The DNA mass is then separated (elution)
   from the solutions

Question 4

Gel Electrophoresis

Study ext. m & fragment of DNA
Neg charege –> moved by EF
Attract m through GM –> sep. based on size
Sm m –> faster

Answer 4

A way to study the extracted molecules and
fragments of DNA

Since DNA has a negative charge, it can be moved by an electrical current
- By applying a current to the gel, the molecules will be attracted to it and more through the gel medium where they will separate based on size
- The DNA moves through the gel becuase DNA is attracted to the positive side
- Smaller molecules move faster than larger ones

Question 5

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Rapid d DNA

Answer 5

A way to rapidly duplicate DNA
- To ensure there is sufficient amounts of DNA (or regions of DNA) for study
- Uses similar steps discussed in DNA replication, e.g. using DNA polymerase

Question 6

Molecular Cloning

• Create c of g & study e
• Plasmid introduced
• Ge & p cut using RE
• RP are take up by B and rep. occurs

Answer 6

Used to create copies of genes and study their expression

A plasmid is used to introduce the
gene of interest
- Plasmids are DNA molecules found in
bacteria
- Gene and plasmid are cut using
restriction enzymes that leave “sticky
ends” (cut sites that correspond between
gene and plasmid that join together)

Recombinant plasmids are taken up
by bacteria and replication occurs

Question 7

Reproductive Cloning
(What is it used for?)

Answer 7

Used to copy an entire multicellular
organism

Question 8

Reproductive Cloning - Process

• 2 d —> e & n
  1: N from HEC is r
  2: DN from D2 is cult. & imp. into E
  3: RE is stim. to grow into emb.
  4: Implant. into surrogate —> clone of ND animal

Answer 8

Requires two donor organisms: egg
(donor 1) and nucleus (donor 2)
1. Nucleus from haploid egg cell (donor 1) is
removed
2. Diploid nucleus from donor 2 cultured and implanted into egg
3. Recombinant egg is stimulated to grow into embryo
4. Implantation into surrogate that brings the embryo to term which will be clone of
nucleus donor animal