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Vert. > Taxonomy > Flashcards

Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Agnatha (jawless)

A

Petromyzontiformes, Myxiniformes

Lamprey, Hagfish

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2
Q

Apomorphy

A

Derived trait in a different form from ancestor

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3
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Shared derived characteristic from most recent common ancestor
beginning of new monophyletic group (clade)

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4
Q

Plesiomorphy / symplesiomorphy

A

Characteristics shared with ancestors (all descendants have trait)

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5
Q

Class: Condricthyes

A 
Cartilaginous fishes
Cartilaginous skeleton and jawed mouths
- placoid scales (teeth-like)
- no swim bladder
- internal fertilization
- oviparity, ovovivaparity, viviparity
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6
Q

Gnathostomata

A

Jawed mouths

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7
Q

Class: Condricthyes
Subclass: Holocephali

A 
Ratfish, chimerans (whole heads)
Features:
- Gill openings covered by soft tissue (operculum), no spiracle
- large dorsal fins
- vertically flat; feed on sea floor
- tooth 'plates' for mashing clams and hard shelled things
- rat-like tail
- oviparous
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8
Q

Class: Condricthyes
Subclass: Neoselachii

A 
Sharks, Rays, Skates
Features:
- heterocercal tail
- clasper for internal fertilization
- gill slit
- spiracle
- oil in liver used for buoyancy
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9
Q

Tapetum Lucidum

A

reflect light twice; better sight in low light

feat. sharks, cats, cows

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10
Q

Nictitating Membrance

A

membranous cover over shark eyes while feeding

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11
Q

Lateral Line

A

Mechanoreception:
pores allow for tracking of movement/vibrations in the water
(similar to hearing and ears)

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12
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Electroreception:

able to sense electrical signals coming from prey

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13
Q

Oviparity

A

eggs laid in egg cases; feed on yolk

sharks, skates, rays

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14
Q

Lectihotrophic viviparity

A

egg in mother, hatches while inside and feeds on yolk

rays (round rostrum), sand tiger shark (simblicide)

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15
Q

Matrotropophic viviparity

A

embryo fed by placenta, live birth outside of mother

open water sharks

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16
Q

Class: Osteicthyes

A

Bony fishes

  • bone skeleton
  • operculum
  • cycloid, ctenoid, ganoid, no scales
  • presence of swim bladder
  • external fertilization
  • oviparity reproduction
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17
Q

Physostomous swim bladder (open)

A

swim bladder connected to mouth
- gulp air and push it into swim bladder through pneumatic duct in G.I tract; burp to release
(eels, herring, salmon, minnows)

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18
Q

Physoclistus swim bladder (closed)

A

Oxygen is diffused from blood to swim bladder through blood vessels
Oxygen is absorbed back into blood stream to release gas

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19
Q

Freshwater teleosts (fish)

A

Hyperosmotic (saltier than environment)
dilute urine, don’t drink water, gills retain and uptake salt in order to retain salty body
(also coelacanths, condricthyes)

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20
Q

Marine teleosts (fish)

A

Hypo-osmotic (less salty than environment)
concentrated urine, drink water, gills excrete salts
(also lampreys)

21
Q

Anadromous

A

Spawn in freshwater, live in saltwater most of adult life

salmon, lamprey, shad

22
Q

Catadromous

A

Spawn in saltwater, live in freshwater most of adult life

American eel

23
Q

Iso-osmotic

A

Able to adjust solutes depending on environment (osmoregulation)

24
Q

Class: Osteicthyes
Subclass: Actinopterygii

A

(ray-finned fishes)

Actin = ray, pter = fin or wing

25
Q

Subclass: Actinopterygii
Order: Polypteriforms

A

Bichir (many finlets):

  • freshwater, Africa
  • eat fish
  • ganoid scales
  • recoil respiration in lungs (scale recoil when breathing helps inhalation)
26
Q

Ram ventilation

A

“ram” the water to force water across gills
must swim to continue breathing
(most modern sharks)

27
Q

Buccal pumping

A

open and close mouth to force water over gills

fish, nurse sharks

28
Q

Subclass: Actinopterygii
Order: Acipensiformes

A 
Sturgeon:
- coastal, freshwater
- scutes, remnants of ganoid scales
- swim bladder instead of lung
- subterminal mouth (not at end of head)
- barbels
- suction feeders, bottom dwellers
Paddlefish:
- amplulae of Lorenzini along "paddle"
- eat copepods along river bottom
29
Q

Subclass: Actinopterygii
Group: Neopterygii (new fish)
Order: Amiiformes

A

Bowfin:

  • suction feeder; eats most things
  • physostomous: swim bladder as lung/buoyancy
30
Q

Subclass: Actinopterygii
Group: Neopterygii (new fish)
Order: Lepisosteiformes (armored)

A

Gar: (North, Central America)

  • brackish waters
  • sneak up on fishes to eat
  • ganoid scales
  • swim bladder can function as a lung (physostomous)
31
Q

Subdivision: Teleostei

Osteoglassomorpha

A

(Bony tongue)
Arawana, Elephant Nose
Elephant Nose:
- innate electrical field for navigation

32
Q

Subdivision: Teleostei

Elopomorpha

A

(Marine fishes)
Eel, Tarpon
- Larvae are Leptocephalus larvae (small/weak head) and transparent

33
Q

Leptocephalus larvae

A

larvae have small/weak heads and are transparent

34
Q

Ammocete larvae

A

Lamprey larvae

burrow into ground with head exposed; filter feed on microorganisms until adulthood

35
Q

American Eel (Elopomorpha taxon)

A
  • Catadromous (FW live, SW spawn)
  • Leptocephalous larva into ‘glass eel’ into adult
  • semelparous
36
Q

Subdivision: Teleostei

Clupeomorpha

A

(Schooling fish)
Anchovy, Herring (bait/commercial fish)
- live in massive schools
- shiny, reflective fish

37
Q

Subdivision: Teleostei

Ostariophysi (physostomous - open)

A

Minnows, catfish, Pacu, knifefish (electric eel), piranhas, sardines, tigerfish, 80% FW fish

  • swim bladder vibrates vertebral column to ears, enhancing mechanoreception (hearing)
  • able to provide warning to others and to ‘group up’ when in danger
38
Q

Ostariophysi mechanoreception

A

Swim bladder - weberian ossciles (on anterior vertebrae) - sinus impar - semicircular canals, otolith, sacculus (ear)

39
Q

Infradivision: Euteleostei (eu = true)

Protancanthopterygii

A

Trouts, Salmonids

  • Anadromous
  • semelparous spawning
  • external fertilization (in redd/nest)
40
Q

Infradivision: Euteleostei (eu = true)

Paracanthopterygii

A

Pollock, Atlantic Cod, anglerfishes

  • single barbel
  • bottom dwellers
41
Q

Series: Percomorpha
Order: Perciformes

A

Coral reef fishes:
- very large group, most coral reef fish
(surgeonfish, butterflyfish, grouper, barracuda, tuna, etc)

42
Q

Series: Percomorpha

Seahorses

A
  • male incubates eggs in pouch

- external fertilization

43
Q

Series: Percomorpha
Order: Tetraodontiformes (4-teeth order)

A

Triggerfish, puffers, box fishes, porcupinefishes, ocean sunfishes

  • presence of spine(s)
  • poisonous [Tetrodotoxin]
44
Q

Series: Percomorpha

Flounders, soles

A
  • Eyes migrate to one side of body (left-eye, right-eye groups)
  • begin to swim sideways
    Flounders, Halibut:
  • mouth is symmetrical, eat fish
    Soles:
  • mouth is on ‘blind’ side (asymmetrical), eat clams, worms, etc. [also very strong]
45
Q

Order: Tetraodontiformes

Ocean sunfishes

A

Mola Mola

  • Large dorsal and ventral fins
  • No caudal peduncle, large caudal fin
46
Q

Myxiniformes

A

Haggish
- Slime excretion defense
- presence of barbels
-

47
Q

Salmon Life Cycle

A 
Egg 
Alevin (placental feeding)
Fry
Parr (parr marks on sides)
Smolt (undergo osmotic changes from FW to SW)
Adult
Spawning Adult
48
Q

Hagfish (myxiniformes)

A
  • barbels (chemoreception)
  • fully grown young after hatching
  • slime producing
49
Q

Chordata

A
  • notochord
  • dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • endostyle (tongue)
  • postanal tail
  • pharynx
  • cartilaginous skeleton

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