Taxonomy Flashcards
The branch of biology that classifies all living things
Taxonomy
Taxonomy was developed by?
Swedish Botanist,
Carolus Linnaeus
1735, 18th Century
What is Binomial Nomenclature?
The system of giving each type of organism a genus and species name
Enumerate the Taxonomic Hierarchy:
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
The highest (most general) rank of organisms; the term wasn’t used until 1990, over 250 years after Linnaeus developed his classification system
Domain
Can cause illnesses, susceptible to antibiotics, and have peptidoglycan cell walls
Bacteria
Cant cause illnesses, living in extreme environments, and are not susceptible to antibiotics
Archaea
Organisms that live under extreme environments, ex.: high temp, pressure, salt concentrations, etc.
Extremophiles
The Three Domains:
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaria
The Six Kingdoms:
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
Includes all eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi;
lives in aquatic environments and may be found in freshwater, saltwater, or damp soil habitats;
Protists/Protista
Are unicellular and heterotrophic; animal-like protists.
Protozoa
means they seek out food in their surrounding environments
Heterotrophic
Some animal-like protists prey on other, smaller microorganisms, which they engulf and digest in a process known as?
Phagocytosis
Four main types of protozoa:
Amoeba, Flagellates, Ciliates, Sporozoans
Pseudopodia : Non-Motile
Amoeboids : Sporozoa
The “false feet” used to catch bacteria and smaller protists
Pseudopodia of Amoeba
You get amebiasis when?
A parasite calledEntamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica)enters yourdigestive system
A flagellated protozoa which causes “Sleeping sickness” in Africa? Name its carrier
Trypanosoma brucei, Tsetse Flies
Tiny hair-like structures which they use to move around and waft food into their mouths
Cilia
Are naturally found in aquatic habitats. They are typically oblong or slipper-shaped and are covered with short hairy structures called cilia
Paramecium
Are parasitic organisms
Sporozoa
Malaria is a serious disease that is spread when you get bitten by an? What is injected into your bloodstream that causes malaria?
Anopheles Mosquito; Plasmodium
Are usually photosynthetic organisms, and most contain chloroplasts and/or chlorophyll;
a thin filament which anchors the organism and is capable of absorbing nutrients
Algae (Plant-like Protists)
A thin filament which anchors the organism and is capable of absorbing nutrients
Rhizoids
Kelp : Red Algae : Fire Algae
Brown algae : Rhodophyta : Dinoflagellates
Cannot be seen by the naked eye?
Cam be seen as dust?
Diatoms : Dinoflagellates
Two major types of Fungi-like Protists:
Slime Molds and Water Molds
often found on rotting logs, where they feed on decaying organic matter;
often unicellular but, when food is scarce, can swarm together to form a slimy mass;
brightly colored, moves very slowly;
Slime Molds
usually live on the surface of water, or in damp soil and feed on decaying organic matter;
This group contains several plant pathogens, including the devastating potato disease known as potato blight.
Water Molds
Are two organisms living together as one, also known as a composite organism
Lichens
9 Well known phyla in the animal kingdom:
porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthe,
nematoda, annelida, arthropoda,
mollusca, echinodermata, & chordata
Characteristics in phylum chordata
Notochord, Dorsal Nerve Cord,
Pharyngeal Slits, & Post Anal Tail
A longitudinal, cartilaginous rod between the nerve cord and the digestive tract;
Acts as support for nerve cord is replaced by vertebral column after embryonic stage in all vertebrates.
Notochord
A bundle of nerves running along the “back” and splits into the brain and the spinal cord an it is hollow
Dorsal Nerve Cord
The openings which allow the entry of water through the mouth without entering the digestive system viz. they connect mouth and throat. All Chordates have these openings on the lateral sides of the pharynx at some stage of their life.
Pharyngeal Slits
The tail is composed ofskeletal muscleswhich help in locomotion in fish-like species. It is absent in most of the adult Chordates.
Post Anal Tail
3 Subphyla of Phylum Cordata
Urochordata
Cephalochordata
Vertebrata
Urochordata : Cephalochordata : Vertebrata
Tunicates : Lancelets : Vertebrates
6 Subphylum Vertebrata Classes:
Agnatha, Amphibia, Reptillia, Aves,
Mammalia, Chondrichthyes & Osteichthyes,
Greek for “jaw” and the prefix “a” means “without,”
Gnathos
with jaw : without jaw
Gnathan : Agnathan
“Bone-Skin”;
Were vertebrate fishes encased in bony armor, unlike present-day jawless fishes, which lack bone in their scales;
Ostracoderms
Are animals capable of surviving both on land and in water, cold blooded, produces gelatinous eggs
Class Amphibia
Amphibia is derived from the greek words? which means?
“Amphibious” means “Double Life”
Maintains their body temperature through external means such as sunning on a rock or seeking shade
Exothermic
Need less food/energy to live and live longer than a comparable sized mammal are Exothermic and cold-blooded, produces hard/leathery eggs
Class Reptilia
A group ofwarm-bloodedvertebrates, characterized byfeathers, toothless beaked jaws, thelayingofhard-shelledeggs, a highmetabolicrate, a four-chamberedheart, and a strong yet lightweightskeleton.
Class Aves
They have mammaryglandsand body hair (or fur). Their skin possesses oil glands (sebaceous glands) and sweat glands (sudoriferous glands).
Class Mammalia
Oil Glands : Sweat Glands
Sebaceous Glands : Sudoriferous Glands
Have millions of tiny air sacs called?
Alveoli
How many heart chambers do mammals have?
4
3 Subclasses of Mammalia:
Eutheria, Metatheria, Prototheria
The young ones are developed inside the mother and derive nutrition through the placenta from the mother.
Eutheria
Gives birth to immature young ones, hence they stay in their mother’s pouch until they mature
Metatheria
Consists of egg-laying mammals and also known as Monotremes
Prototheria
Chondro : Ichthys : Osteo
Cartilage : Fish : Bone
They have a cartilage skeleton, not bone. They are not buoyant like other fish so they must swim or sink.
Class Chondrichthyes
This is the most numerous of all vertebrate classes, their swim bladder is an air sac used to control buoyancy, can hold still and not sink
Class Osteichthyes
Function of Operculum
Helps to draw water across/through the gills
Are characterized by a unique radial symmetry and a spiny or prickly outer skin
Phylum Echinodermata
The name “echinoderm” translates to?
“Spiky Skin”
Dominates the animal kingdom with an estimated 85 percent of known species included in this phylum
Phylum Arthropoda
The principal characteristics of all the animals in this phylum are functional segmentation of the body and presence of jointed appendages
Phylum Arthropoda
Greek words for:
“Jointed Legs” : “Joint” : “Legs”
“Arthropoda” : “Arthros” : “Podos”
A waterproof, tough polysaccharide that are present on arthropod exoskeletons
Chitin
The largest phylum in the animal world
Phylum Arthropoda
Nema means?
Roundworms is also known as?
Thread, Nematoda
A roundworm, infects humans via the fecal-oral route. Eggs released by adult females are shed in feces.Infection occurs when a human swallows water or food contaminated with embryonated eggs
Ascaris lumbricoides
Roundworm that causes trichuriasis, referred to as the whipworm, looks like a whip with wide handles at the posterior end. If humans ingest the embryonated eggs, the eggs start to hatch in the human small intestine and utilize the intestinal microflora and nutrients to multiply and grow.
Trichuris trichiura
Often called “Segmented Worms”, they possess true segmentation of their bodies, with both internal and external morphological features repeated in each body segment.
Greek word for “Little Rings”
Annelids, Annelus
having both male and female reproductive organs
Hemaphrodites
Greek words for “flat” and “worm”:
“plat”, “helminth”
being acoelomates, do not have a circulatory system or respiratory system. What this means is that they have no heart, lungs, or blood vessels.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
What is a system ofdiffusion?
Where oxygen and other nutrients directly diffuse into their tissues without the need for energy.
Is the second-largest animal phylum, with over 100,000 species
Phylum Mollusca
Organismsbelonging to this phylum have a calciferous shell. The bodies are generally very soft and are covered by the hardexoskeleton.
Phylum Mollusca
“Stinging Cells” : “Stingers” :
Hairlike Projections
Cnidocytes : Nematocysts : Cnidocils
Contain specialized cells known ascnidocytes containing organelles callednematocysts,
Phylum Cnidaria
Have no internal organs, nervous tissue, circulatory system, or digestive systems, making them the most primitive of the multi-cellular animals.
Phylum Porifera
To support and protect their soft bodies, sponges produce skeletons of?
Calcium Carbonate, Silica, and soft Spongin
