Taxnomy

Question 1

Two ways viruses are classified?

Answer 1

Type of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA), and shape/host range.

Question 2

Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms?

Answer 2

Gymnosperms: cones, no fruit; Angiosperms: flowers and fruit.

Question 3

Why are viruses not living?

Answer 3

They cannot reproduce or metabolize on their own.

Question 4

Name 3 lines of evidence for evolution.

Answer 4

Fossils, Comparative Anatomy, DNA similarities.

Question 5

What is a dichotomous key?

Answer 5

A tool that identifies organisms through a series of yes/no questions.

Question 6

What is taxonomy?

Answer 6

The science of classifying organisms.

Question 7

Lytic vs Lysogenic cycle?

Answer 7

Lytic: fast replication and cell bursts; Lysogenic: viral DNA integrates and lies dormant.

Question 8

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes?

Answer 8

Prokaryotes: no nucleus, smaller; Eukaryotes: nucleus, larger.

Question 9

What are the 3 domains of life?

Answer 9

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

Question 10

3 fungal body forms?

Answer 10

Yeast (unicellular), Mold (filamentous), Mushroom (fruiting body).

Question 11

What are diatoms?

Answer 11

Photosynthetic protists with silica shells, important in oxygen production.

Question 12

What structures make up a virus?

Answer 12

Capsid (protein coat), genetic material (DNA/RNA), sometimes envelope.

Question 13

Two main plant life cycle generations?

Answer 13

Gametophyte (haploid), Sporophyte (diploid).

Question 14

Radial vs Bilateral symmetry?

Answer 14

Radial = circular (jellyfish), Bilateral = mirror halves (human).

Question 15

3 plant adaptations to land?

Answer 15

Cuticle, Vascular tissue, Seeds/spores.

Question 16

How are protists grouped?

Answer 16

By how they obtain food.

Question 17

Give 2 examples of Archaea.

Answer 17

Thermophiles and Halophiles.

Question 18

What system is used to name organisms?

Answer 18

Binomial nomenclature (Genus species).

Question 19

Four optimal conditions for bacterial growth?

Answer 19

Moisture, Temperature, pH, Nutrients.

Question 20

What is fragmentation?

Answer 20

Asexual reproduction in fungi via broken pieces growing new fungi.

Question 21

4 harmful bacteria and where they infect?

Answer 21

Streptococcus (throat), E. coli (intestines), Salmonella (stomach), Treponema (STD).

Question 22

3 major groups of Protista?

Answer 22

Animal-like, Plant-like, Fungus-like.

Question 23

Gram+ vs Gram– bacteria?

Answer 23

Gram+: thick wall, purple stain; Gram–: thin wall, pink stain, outer membrane.

Question 24

Importance of spores in fungi?

Answer 24

They allow for reproduction and survival in harsh conditions.

Question 25

What is a coelom?

Answer 25

A fluid-filled body cavity that allows organ development.

Question 26

Four ways to classify bacteria?

Answer 26

Shape, Gram stain, Nutrition, Oxygen use.

Question 27

What are the 6 kingdoms of life?

Answer 27

Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

Question 28

3 main shapes of bacteria?

Answer 28

Coccus (round), Bacillus (rod), Spirillum (spiral).

Question 29

4 main plant groups?

Answer 29

Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms.

Question 30

Difference between phylogenetic trees and cladograms?

Answer 30

Phylogenetic trees show time and genetic distance; cladograms show shared traits.

Question 31

3 main classes of arthropods?

Answer 31

Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans.

Question 32

3 main types of algae & pigments?

Answer 32

Green (chlorophyll), Brown (fucoxanthin), Red (phycoerythrin).

Question 33

What are hyphae and septae?

Answer 33

Hyphae: fungal filaments; Septae: walls that divide hyphae.

Question 34

What is polyploidy?

Answer 34

Condition of having extra sets of chromosomes; leads to speciation.

Question 35

4 animal characteristics?

Answer 35

Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic, No cell walls.

Question 36

What is a notochord?

Answer 36

A flexible rod found in embryos of chordates.

Question 37

What is Darwin’s main principle?

Answer 37

Natural selection – survival and reproduction of the fittest.

Question 38

4 major groups of fungi?

Answer 38

Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota.

Question 39

3 types of bacterial reproduction?

Answer 39

Binary fission, Conjugation, Fragmentation.

Question 40

7 major animal phyla?

Answer 40

Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata.

Question 41

Helpful uses of bacteria?

Answer 41

Digestion, nitrogen fixing, making food, antibiotics.

Question 42

3 example diseases and their causes?

Answer 42

Flu (viral), Athlete's foot (fungal), Strep throat (bacterial).

Question 43

Key features of arthropods?

Answer 43

Exoskeleton, segmented body, jointed limbs.

Question 44

4 phases of bacterial growth curve?

Answer 44

Lag, Log, Stationary, Death.

Question 45

Who developed the theory of natural selection?

Answer 45

Charles Darwin.