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Biomed > Tasos Parasitic infections > Flashcards

Tasos Parasitic infections Flashcards

1
Q

Give the definition of a parasite and the general problems they can cause?

A
  • Organism living in or on another obtaining nourishment at the hosts expense
  • Can cause malnourishment, illness and organ dysfunction for the host
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2
Q

Give the definition of a parasite and the general problems they can cause?

A
  • Organism living in or on another obtaining nourishment at the hosts expense
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3
Q

What are endoparasites and ectoparasites?

A

Endoparasites - live in host

Ectoparasites - live on host

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4
Q

What is the life cycle of giardia intestinalis, what disease does it cause and what are the symptoms?

A 
Belong to group Excavata (flagellated)
- The protozoal cells, called trophozoites, produce a cyst
- Cyst transmitted in water and food
- Cyst become giardia in host
- Giardia excreted in faeces
> Causes Giardiasis 
> Symptoms: explosive, smelly diarrhea
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5
Q

What is the life cycle of giardia intestinalis, what disease does it cause and what are the symptoms?

A
  • The protozoal cells, called trophozoites, produce a cyst
  • Cyst transmitted in water and food
  • Cyst become giardia in host
  • Giardia excreted in faeces
    > Causes Giardiasis
    > Symptoms: explosive, smelly diarrhea
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6
Q

What are the 3 stages in the life cycle of Naegleria fowleri?

A

1) Cyst stage
2) Trophozoite stage
3) Flagellate stage (grows flagella)

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of trypanosomes and what do they cause?

A

> T.brucei - sleeping sickness - african trypanosomiasis

> T.cruzi - Chagas disease - American trypanosomiasis

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of trypanosomes and what do they cause?

A

> T.brucei - sleeping sickness - african trypanosomiasis

> T.cruzi - Chagas disease - American trypanosomiasis

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9
Q

What are the main 2 Plasmodia that can cause malaria in humans?

A

Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparum
(5 human infecting plasmodia total)

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A
  • Fever up to 40oC
  • followed by chills
  • Prodromal syndrome: Head pain, photophobia, muscle pain and nausea
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A
  • Fever up to 40oC
  • followed by chills
  • Vomiting and severe headaches
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12
Q

What is E. histolytica and what does it cause?

A
  • found mostly in tropical and subtropical countries
  • invasive
  • Trophoziote stages live in the large intestine on mucosal surface
  • These multiply by binary fission and produce cysts
  • Cysts exit in stool, ingested in contaminated food or water
  • Feed on body cells in small intestine, occcassionaly transported to liver
  • Can cause diarrhea and liver abscess (2% adult patients)
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13
Q

What is E. histolytica and what does it cause?

A
  • found mostly in tropical and subtropical countries
  • invasive
  • Trophoziote stages live in the large intestine on mucosal surface
  • These multiply by binary fission and produce cysts
  • Cysts exit in stool, ingested in contaminated food or water
  • Feed on body cells in small intestine, occcassionaly transported to liver
  • Can cause diarrhea and liver abscess
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14
Q

What is Cryptosporidium parvum and what is its life cycle?

A
  • Single celled intracellular eukaryotic parasite
  • Asexual and sexual phase
  • Cysts in small intestine release sporozoites which invade epthelial cells
  • Eventual merozoite production
  • Sexual phase, oocytes released
  • Contamination most commonly from ingestion water contaminated with oocytes
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15
Q

What is the major symptom of cryptosporidium infection?

A

Moderate or severe diarrhea

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16
Q

What is the definitive host and interdemiate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii? What does it cause and how?

A

Definitive host: Cat
Intermediate host: vertebrates including humans
Causes Toxoplasmaosis
- Lives intracellularly, forming large cysts
- Oocytes produced in cat faces

17
Q

What 2 species of mosquito commonly transmit plasmodium in malaria?

A

Anopheles

Culex

18
Q

How many people get malaria each year? How many die?

A

300 million human a year

2-3 million humans die

19
Q

What is a complication of malaria that causes around 1/3 of malaria deaths?

A

Anemia

20
Q

What are excavata and what are their structures?

A

Group of unicellular eukaryotes
Classified by flagellum
Have Ventral groove and 2 flagella

21
Q

What are Fornicata?

A

Free living parasites
Belong to group Excavata
- No mitochondria, peroxisomes, primitive golgi
- ventral groove

22
Q

What are the 2 main species within the phylum Euglenozoa?

A

Euglenoidea

Kinetoplastida

23
Q

What are the properties of Euglenoidea and Kinetoplastida

A

Flagellates

Kinetoplastida contain kinetoplast (network of circular DNA called kDNA inside a mitochondria)

24
Q

What is the structure of trypanosomes?

A

1st flagellum - free or undulating membrane
2nd flagellum - kinetosome only
In trypanosoma (genus affecting humans) they are small, thin and crescent shaped with one flagella
Cytoskeleton - complete microtubular corset

25
Q

How does T.cruzi cause disease and what disease does it cause?

A

Development of the trypanosome into a trypomastigote in the blood and into an amastigote in tissues
- Causes Chagas Disease (American trypanosomiasis)

26
Q

What are the 2 phases of Chagas Disease and what are the associated symptoms?

A

Stage 1 - Acute phase
- Lasts for around 2 months post infection
- Skin lesions or purple swelling of eye lids
- Can present with fever, headaches, swelling, muscle pain
Stage 2 - Chronic phase
- Parasites mainly in heart and digestive muscles
- 45% suffer with cardiomyopathy e.g arrythmias
- 11% megaesophagus
- 3% Megacolon
- Often fatal

27
Q

What 2 types of T.brucei cause African sleeping sickness?

A

T.brucei gambiense - Chronic sleeping sickness

T.brucei rhodesiense - Acute sleeping sickness

28
Q

What are the 4 phases of African sleeping sickness and what are the symptoms of each?

A 
Stage 1
- local inflammation
Stage 2
- swelling of lymph nodes (Winterbottoms sign)
- splenomegaly
- presence in blood
> fever
> anemia
Stage 3
Passing through blood brain barrier
- Neurological phase
> confusion
> Insomnia
> Mania
Stage 4
Progressive mental deterioration 
> Fatigue
> Coma
>Death
29
Q

What disease do Leishmania (genus of trypanosomes) cause?

A

Leishmaniasis

30
Q

What are the 3 clinical forms of leishmaniasis and what are the symptoms of each?

A

Cutaneous
- skin ulcers on face, arms and legs
Mucocutaneous
- Lesions can partially or totally destroy the mucous membranes of mouth, nose and throat
Visceral
- high fever, weight loss, swelling of spleen and liver and anemia

Biomed (18 decks)

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