Task Specific: Immunity Validation Flashcards
Vaccine
The antigen preparation used in artificial immunisation.
Types of vaccines
- Live attenuated
- Inactivated
- Toxoid
- Sub unit
Live attenuated vaccines
Living attenuated micro organisms are micro organisms of reduced virulence; that is, micro organisms with a reduced ability to produce disease symptoms. Therefore the immunised person does not contract the disease but manufactures antibodies against the antigen.
Examples of Live attenuated vaccines
Vaccines for tuberculosis, rubella and yellow fever
Inactivated vaccines
Contain dead micro-organisms. They produce an immunity that is shorter lasting than immunisation using live attenuated vaccines.
Examples of inactivated vaccines
Vaccines for cholera, typhoid, and whooping cough.
Toxoid vaccines
Vaccines that use inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids) to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. These vaccines protect against bacterial infections where the primary cause of illness is a toxin rather than the bacteria itself.
Examples of toxoid vaccines
Vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus
Sub-unit vaccines
Instead of using a whole dead or attenuated micro organism, a fragment of the organism can be used to provoke the immune response.
Examples of sub-unit vaccines
Vaccines for papilloma, and hepatitis B.
Factors that may affect a person’s viewpoint on whether or not they would consent to being vaccinated in Australia.
- Health issues
- Social factors
- Cultural factors
- Economic factors
Health issues
Allergic reactions to the vaccine. This may not be from the vaccine itself, but from the medium in which the vaccine was cultured.
Preservatives in the vaccine can contain certain chemicals that can cause harm.
Social factors
- Ethical concerns with the use of animals to produce vaccines
- Ethical concerns with the use of human tissue to produce vaccines
- Ethical concerns with informed consent
- Ethical concerns with testing on animals
- Concerns about promoting sexual activity in teenagers.
- Availability
Cultural factors
Religious beliefs has often been sited as a reason for some Australian parents refusing to immunise their child.
Economic factors
- Cost of vaccine
- Commercialisation
2 types of antibiotics
Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic antibiotics
Inhibit bacterial growth (NOT KILL) by interfering with protein synthesis. It allows the immune system to overcome infection. E.g. tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin
Bactericidal antibiotics
Destroy bacterial pathogens, target outer cell walls, inner cell membranes, or metabolic pathways/action of enzymes of bacteria. E.g. penicillin, cephalosporin
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Effective for killing many types of bacteria
Narrow spectrum antibiotics
Target specfific types of bacteria
Multiple drug resistance
Refers to bacteria that have evolved to resist most available antibiotics.
Total drug resistance
Occurs when bacteria become resistant to all known antibiotics, meaning there are no available drugs that can effectively treat infections caused by these bacteria.
Why does drug resistance occur
Overuse or misuse of antibiotics in medicine causes bacteria to mutate and evolve. These bacteria are often called “superbugs”
Antivirals
Drugs used specifically for treating viral infections. Because antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.
