Task 8 - M&M

Question 1

Define Neuroergonomics

Answer 1

The study of the brain in relation to performance at work and other everyday settings

Question 2

What neuroscientific methods are used most often in Neuroergonomics?

Answer 2

fMRI, EEG/MEG, Molecular Genetics

Question 3

The enzyme DBH is negatively related to…?

Answer 3

Spatial Working Memory

Question 4

What is the name of a certain ERP, that indicates the brain recognizing an error?

Answer 4

ERN - Error Related Negativity

Question 5

How can one identify a person’s ERN in a single trial?

Answer 5

Using an EEG array over the whole skull

Question 6

What is the purpose of adaptive interfaces in neuroergonomics?

Answer 6

The level of automation of these interfaces is adjusted according to the cognitive state of the operator, which is inferred using BCIs (neuroimaging) and other cues.

Question 7

How is the basic distinction between slips and mistakes made?

Answer 7

Slips occur during execution and mistakes occur during planning

Question 8

Which often has more serious consequences - Slips or Mistakes?

Answer 8

Mistakes

Question 9

Biases and using heuristics during planning can lead to a …?

Answer 9

Mistake

Question 10

What is a difficulty in the field of neuroergonomics and what is a method, that can overcome this to some degree?

Answer 10

Relating the low level neural activation to abstract behavior when performing tasks in daily life. The middle ground between the two are psychological models, which are used in cognitive ergonomics.

Question 11

What happens to future responses on a test after making a mistake?

Answer 11

They are slower. Even if certainty is the same as on the trial before the mistake, speed will be decreased.
Additionally, rapid corrections occur, which are too quick to be the result of completely new mental processes.

Question 12

In which kind of human error are ERNs recorded most commonly?

Answer 12

Slips

Question 13

When does the ERN occur in time?

Answer 13

~100ms after an error

Voltage can even start to dip before the incorrect response is made.

Question 14

Which brain area has most commonly been associated with the ERN?

Answer 14

ACC

Question 15

The ACC which exhibits the ERN is also involved in….?

Answer 15

• Conflict Monitoring
• Reinforcement Learning
• Decision Making

Question 16

What cognitive factor influences the amplitude of the ERN?

Answer 16

motivation positively predicts amplitude of the ERN.

Question 17

How could the ERN be used in personell selection?

Answer 17

A higher ERN indicates greater importance of the task to the person. Thus choosing applicants exhibiting stronger ERNs might lead to a more dedicated workforce.

Question 18

What contextual factor can decrease the amplitude of the ERN?

Answer 18

When the slip was made due to insufficient available information, the ERN tends to be weaker.

Question 19

How could one use ERNs to improve safety during dangerous tasks?

Answer 19

A BCI could detect the ERN and give the machine the signal to correct the error.

Question 20

When trust in HRI grows, so does the Neglect Tolerance of the human. This can have negative outcomes. Explain.

Answer 20

If the human neglects the machine too much during a task, the human stops paying attention. If quick intervention by the human is needed, this could be detrimental as the human has to become aware of the situation again when switching attention.

Question 21

What kind of factors are most correlated with trust in HRI?

Answer 21

Robot Performance based factors like behavior, predictability, reliability, etc.

Question 22

How do robot attributes like anthropomorphism and personality affect trust in HRIs?

Answer 22

They don’t (significantly)

Question 23

What is the definition of Accident Behavior?

Answer 23

Unsafe acts that precede accidents

Question 24

Explain the Risk Homeostasis Theory

Answer 24

• People act in ways that maintain a certain level of risk at all times.
• When initial risk is low, people engage in more risky behavior.

Question 25

What is a bias that happens when estimating risks of activities, that results from the combined effect of other biases?

Answer 25

People underestimate the risk of mundane tasks, but overestimate the risk of rare activities. Availability and Confirmation bias play a role here.

Question 26

What does it mean that people have subjective risk perception?

Answer 26

It is similar to base rate neglect. - People base their estimate of likelihoods on their experiences. Thus if they never encountered something, they assume the chance of this happening as being close to zero.

Question 27

Why might human error rates sometimes be overreported by companies?

Answer 27

• It is cheaper to blame a human than to reevaluate the entire equipment.
• It makes reoccurrence of the incident seem less likely.

Question 28

What kind of error is present, when actions deviate from intentions?

Answer 28

Slip / Lapse

Question 29

According to GEMS (Generic Error-Modeling System), Mistakes can be differentiated into…?

Answer 29

Rule-based & Knowledge-based

Question 30

What are knowledge-based mistakes according to GEMS?

Answer 30

Mistakes made when the situation was unfamiliar or unexpected

Question 31

What is a rule-based mistake according to GEMS?

Answer 31

When a rule is wrongly applied or not applied at all

Question 32

What is an error of omission?

Answer 32

The failure to do something

Question 33

What is an error of commission?

Answer 33

The failure to do something correctly

Question 34

What are kinds of violations (intentional mistakes) that happen at work?

Answer 34

• Routine Violation: Breaking a rule until it becomes the new way of doing things
• Situational Violation: Breaking a rule due to situational pressure factors
• Exceptional Violation: Good intention but risky way of doing it