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Development: Maastricht University > Task 8 > Flashcards

Task 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What does Bowlby’s theory suggest?

A

children are biologically predisposed to develop attachment to caregivers as a means of increasing chances of own survival

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2
Q

Secure base

A

Infant uses primary caregiver as secure base – Its presence provides infant/toddler with sense of security, allowing him/her to explore environment and become knowledgeable and competent. Also, toddler derives comfort, security and pleasure from being near caregiver

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3
Q

Attachment process is not rooted in evolution

true or false?

A

false, it has an innate basis as it increases chance of survival

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4
Q

Name the 4 stages of Bowlby’s initial development of attachment

A
  1. PREATTACHMENT/Indiscriminately Orienting & Signalling to People (birth - 6 weeks)
  2. ATTACHMENT-IN-THE-MAKING/Orienting & signalling (6 weeks to 6/8 months)
  3. CLEAR-CUT ATTACHMENT/Actively seek proximity to specific attachment figure (6-8 months and 1.5 years)
  4. RECIPROCAL RELATIOSHIPS (1.5 years or 2 years on)
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5
Q
  1. PREATTACHMENT/Indiscriminately Orienting & Signalling to People (birth - 6 weeks)
A

Infants produce innate signals in order to catch caregiver’s attention. Soon, baby is able to fixate eyes of caregivers and crying, smiling and grasping appear to be precursors of attachment Ensuing interaction comforts infants.

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6
Q
  1. ATTACHMENT-IN-THE-MAKING/Orienting & signalling (6 weeks to 6/8 months)
A

This phase is time when infants form expectations about how caregivers respond to their needs and do (or do not) develop sense of trust in them. Infants develop preference for one/few caregiver(s). In presence of primary caregiver, they smile, laugh or babble. Also, they are more easily calmed by that person.

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7
Q
  1. CLEAR-CUT ATTACHMENT/Actively seek proximity to specific attachment figure (6-8 months and 1.5 years)
A

Infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers. Separation and loss at this phase can cause intense separation anxiety, expressed in protest and anger, followed by despair and apathy and finally distrust in new attachment relationship. Most children see mother as secure base.

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8
Q

Person permanence

A

Infant is able to remain aware of existence of person even he/she is out of hearing or sight -> think object permanence

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9
Q

Egocentric infants

A

Infants are unaware that caregivers can have other plans that do not necessarily involve them.

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10
Q
  1. RECIPROCAL RELATIOSHIPS (1.5 years or 2 years on)
A

Once infants can imagine plans and perceptions in caregiver and fit own plans and activities according to these, they enter this fourth phase. Toddlers understand parents’ feelings, goals, motives and use this understanding to organize efforts to be close to them. This results in mutually regulated relationship, since child has active role in development of working relationship. Separation distress declines

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11
Q

Smooth base phenomenon

A

Smooth alteration of exploration with occasional proximity seeking, seen in infants. It can be more observed among children whose mothers had been sensitive and responsive during infancy.

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12
Q

Internal working model of attachment

A

Mental representation of self, attachment figures and relationships in general, developed in end of process.

-> It is believed to influence overall adjustment, social behavior, perceptions of others, and development of self-esteem and sense of self.

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13
Q

What is the basis for Van Ijzendoorn’s attachment theory?

A

children come to this world with an inborn inclination to show behaviors leading to formation of attachment relationship, and this inclination would have had survival value in environment in which human evolution took place.

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14
Q

Three phases in reaction of young children on breaking bond with parents have been suggested

Name and explain

A
  1. Protest: Child panics and tries to undo separation with all means available. Caregivers other than own parents are rejected
  2. Despair: A few days after, child is fixated on absent parents but has fallen into passivity.
  3. Detachment: Child starts to be more interested in environment and is ready to interact with other caregivers. If parents return, attachment relationship is broken, and child might actively reject them.
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15
Q

Name the 3 types of attachment from concluded from the strange situation procedure

A
  1. secure
  2. insecure avoidant
  3. insecure-ambivalent
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16
Q

Secure attachment

A

Infants who actively seek proximity to caregivers upon reunion, communicate their feelings and distress openly and then return to exploration (67% of infants)

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17
Q

Insecure-avoidant attachment

A

Infants who do not seem distressed and ignore or avoid caregiver following reunion (21% of infants).

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18
Q

Insecure-ambivalent attachment

A

Infants who are clingy and seek proximity with caregiver rather than playing and exploring environment (12% of infants).

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19
Q

Disorganized/disoriented attachment

A

Type of insecure attachment in which infants/young children have no consistent way of coping with stress of SS. Behavior is confused or even contradictory, they appear dazed or disoriented. They want to be closed to mother but at same time, they view her as source of fear.

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20
Q

Name 2 deteminants of individual differences in attachment

A
  1. sensitivity

2. temperament

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21
Q

Sensitivity

A

Defined as the ability to perceive and interpret children’s attachment signals correctly and to respond to these signals promptly and adequately.

  • Lack of responsiveness or inconsistent sensitivity can leave children with feelings of insecurity.
  • Consistent sensitive responsiveness fosters secure bonds of children with their parents.
  • Parents own childhood attachment experiences shape their ability/willingness to respond sensitively to infant signals.
  • Those neglected as children have higher risk of becoming neglectful or rejecting own children.
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22
Q

Study of caregiver sensitivity: behavioural approach

A

Directed at parental sensitivity at behavioral level. These include short-term and focused interventions.

Experimental group – Deprived immigrant mothers were given soft baby carriers for their first months. Idea was to promote close physical contact.

Control group – Mothers who were asked to use plastic baby seats.

Outcome – 83% of infants n experimental group became securely attached at age of 1, while only 38% was secure in control group.

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23
Q

Study of caregiver sensitivity: representational approach

A

Focuses at parents’ representation of attachment. These include long-term and broadband therapeutic interventions.

  • Parent discusses childhood experiences with insecure attachments and their influence on interactions with her child.
  • Mothers from deprived families were given support and therapy for a year, with goal of enhancing developmental needs of children.
  • Outcome – Experimental mothers had higher scores on empathic responsiveness but no group differences in attachment security
24
Q

The ___ sensitive parents have ____ secure children

A

more, more

25
Q

Association between sensitivity and security of attachment is stronger among father than generally found among mothers

true or false?

A

false, its weaker

26
Q

Temperamental vulnerability

A

reactivity to stress and novelty

27
Q

What is a child’s temperamental vulnerability to anxiety a factor in the measurement of what?

A

measurement of attachment with relationship with parent

28
Q

Temperament is associated with attachment behaviors in ___

A

strange situation procedure

29
Q

Is temperament a causal or correlational factor in development of attachment?

A

correlational

30
Q

Adult attachment interview (AAI)

A

Semi-structured, hour-long interview with 15 open-ended questions revolving around issues of attachment, separation, loss during childhood and adulthood. It is the discourse style that determines the coding of security of attachment representations.

31
Q

Name the 3 forms of adult attachment determined from the AAI and a subheading

A
  1. autonomous/secure
  2. insecure-dismissing
  3. insecure-preoccupied
    - > unresolved
32
Q

Autonomous/secure adult attachment style

A

Describe negative and positive attachment experiences coherently. Depiction of their childhood is balanced and not idealized or contradictory. See attachment as influential in their development.

33
Q

Insecure-dismissing adult attachment style

A

Present positive evaluation of attachment experiences but cannot illustrate with events because of inability to remember. When negative aspects are accepted, they insist to remain untouched.

34
Q

Insecure-preoccupied adult attachment style

A

Still overwhelmed by past attachment experiences and feel mistreated by parents. Also, unable to tell coherent story. When talking about past and present relation with parents, they can express anger.

35
Q

Unresolved adult attachment style

A

Unresolved – Discuss experiences of loss or trauma in disorientated way. It seems they are still struggling with it from their speech.

36
Q

CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN PARENTAL ATTACHMENT AND INFANT ATTACHMENT

-> insecure-dismissing parents

A

Develop avoidant attachments with their children.

37
Q

CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN PARENTAL ATTACHMENT AND INFANT ATTACHMENT

-> autonomous/secure parents

A

Relate in secure way to their children.

38
Q

CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN PARENTAL ATTACHMENT AND INFANT ATTACHMENT

-> insecure-preoccupied parents

A

Inclined to have ambivalent children.

39
Q

CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN PARENTAL ATTACHMENT AND INFANT ATTACHMENT

-> unresolved parents

A

Tend to have disorganized infants.

40
Q

Is attachment style stable and continuous?

A

At any stage during years of immaturity, changes in childrearing arrangements and life events (rejections, separations and losses) may provoke a change in course of attachment development

  • > stability = high
  • > discontinuity associated with negative events
41
Q

Mothers of securely attached infants

A

Are more tender, positive, responsive, sensitive (able to perceive and interpret child’s point of view and to respond appropriately according to his/her needs) averse to physical contact and interact more angrily, intensely and intrusively.

42
Q

Mothers of insecure-avoidant infants

A

Are more rejecting of child’s attachment behaviors, more averse to physical contact and interact more angrily, intensely and intrusively.

43
Q

Mothers of insecure-resistant infants

A

Are inepter and more unsynchronized in interactions, more unpredictable, uninvolved, insensitive and inconsistently responsive.

44
Q

Sensitive parenting in later childhood

A

Parenting that encourages children’s psychological autonomy while providing age-appropriate monitoring and limit-setting within warm context of engagement.

45
Q

Consequences if parent/s fail to provide sensitive parenting in later childhood?

A

increases chance of establishing insecure working models of attachment

46
Q

Name the 3 dimensions of parenting behaviour sensitive to developmental needs during latter stages of development

A
  1. Warm and responsive involvement.
  2. Encouragement towards psychological autonomy and individuation through noncoercive discipline.
  3. Demands for age-appropriate behavior, limit-setting and monitoring.
47
Q

Authoritative parenting (high on 3 dimensions)

  • > disciplinary matters
  • > what it does to child
A

Best parenting style for children’s positive adjustment, that views parenting as bidirectional process. It involves warm parental involvement and encouragement of psychological autonomy. Attachment with this parenting style is secure

  • > Disciplinary matters: disciplinary encounters and supervision are less necessary because child is willing to comply. Also, parents listen to child and recognize its needs and abilities.
  • > What it does to child: child is more energetic, confident, friendly, social and might even be popular. It creates a healthy psychosocial, academic and behavioral adjustment to her/him.
48
Q

Authoritarian parenting (low for first 2 dimensions, high for last)

A

This parenting involves unresponsive parents to children’s needs. These are extremely power assertive and can be harsh at times. Although there are fewer behavioral problems than negligent parenting, there is more internalized stress.

-> What it does to child: child has low cognitive and social competences, lack self-confidence and are unfriendly and vulnerable to stressors.

49
Q

Permissive/indulgent parenting (high on first dimension, low on last 2)

  • > disciplinary matters
  • > what it does to child
A

This parenting style, although warm and affectionate, it does not respect child’s individuality and fails to provide appropriate monitoring and limits. Attachment with this parenting style is insecure-ambivalent/preoccupied

  • > Disciplinary matters: parents provide inconsistent discipline.
  • > What it does to child: child is encouraged to express impulses freely and it can result in impulsive-aggressive behavior, as well as uncontrolled and uncompliant behaviors.
50
Q

Negligent parenting

  • > disciplinary matters
  • > what it does to child
A

worst parenting style for children’s positive adjustment. Parents do not support independence of children and their own self-efficiency. They are neglectful and less supportive, which goes hand in hand with insecure-avoidant and fearful-avoidant attachments.

  • > Disciplinary matters : parents focus on their own needs, rather than those of child. Also, they fail to monitor their activity.
  • > What it does to child: child has internalized sense of being unvalued or unloved.
51
Q

2 dimensions underlying internal working models, that can be used to measure attachment in later childhood

A
  1. Worthiness of ‘self’ to be loved and supported.

2. Emotional availability and responsiveness of ‘other’.

52
Q

4 different attachment styles emerge from crossing 2 dimensions

A
  1. Secure attachment – Positive self/ Positive other.
  2. Dismissing-avoidant – Positive self/Negative other.
  3. Preoccupied – Negative self/Positive other.
  4. Fearful-avoidant – Negative self/Negative other.
53
Q

Secure attachment

A

Associated with children’s reports of parenting that was high in warm involvement, psychological autonomy granting, and behavioral monitoring/control (= authoritative style of parenting).

54
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Parents tend to be more neglectful and less supportive in their parenting.

55
Q

Fearful-avoidant attachment

A

(only in adolescence)

Positively related to parental intrusive over-control.

56
Q

Preoccupied attachment

A

In middle childhood, there was no association with parenting, but in adolescence, less encouragements of psychological autonomy by parents and less behavioral monitoring were related to preoccupied style of parenting. Parenting that fails to facilitate children’s individuation, contributes to negative self-view.

57
Q

Are effects unidirectional or bidrectional?

A

bidirectional, child and parent influence each other’s behaviors simultaneously

Development: Maastricht University (10 decks)

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