TASK 5 - ART/SCIENCE + HISTORY OF SCIENCE

Question 1

art

Answer 1

• artists play with perception, represent mental processes, point our emotions and cognitions out to us in a playful way

Question 2

art + science

Answer 2

• separation prevents real world from being an object of fantasy –> favour lack of culture

Question 3

ancient history of science

Answer 3

1. Plato: knowledge acquisition was associated with deductive reasoning; observation not needed
2. Aristotle: made distinction between inductive + deductive –> practiced deduction
3. Bacon: inductive reasoning based on observation + experimentation became core of scientific thinking for empiricists
   - -> observation over conviction
   - elements were actively manipulated to find the most likely interpretation of phenomenon

Question 4

logical positivism

Answer 4

= identified verification as the core principle of the scientific method
- verificationism = a statement is scientific only if it can be verified as true/false through value free observation
- observation (value-free) –> induction –> verification (based on correspondence theory of truth)
x knowledge can’t be produced from facts alone
x prove inductive conclusion, is logically impossible

Question 5

Popper

- book

Answer 5

• falsificationism = statements that cannot be falsified make no clear predictions thus aren’t scientific
• degrees of falsifiability = the more falsifiable (dependent on level of detail + scope) a theory the better the theory is
• every “good” scientific theory is a prohibition = it forbids certain things to happen, the more the better
• science can be falsified + there is a willingness to do so

Question 6

Popper viewpoint

Answer 6

• falsifiable, testable, no confirmation

- you need to replace a falsified theory immediately as soon as it has been contradicted

Question 7

Popper

- hypothetico-deductive method

Answer 7

= science better considered as the formulation of theories (on the basis of inductive reasoning + educated guessing) that scientists subsequently try to falsify by deriving hypotheses which are put to the falsification test
–> scientific progress involves inductive + deductive reasoning

Question 8

Kuhn

- book

Answer 8

• theory of scientific progress = all observations and theoretical concepts were dependent on the language of the adopted theory/conjecture
• pre-science –> normal science –> crisis –> revolution –> new normal science –> new crisis…

Question 9

Kuhn

- viewpoint

Answer 9

• paradigm shift
• inductive reasoning
• never ending cycle
• a discipline needs a general theory to become scientific –> forms a paradigm against which observations are made
• all knowledge is relative and time-dependent

Question 10

Lakatos

- viewpoint

Answer 10

• heuristics (positive + negative)
• protective belt (only drop theory when core is hit, not when only belt/periphery)
• falsification is too strict