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Functional Neuro > Task 4 > Flashcards

Task 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A
  • neocortex
    -> 6 layers
    -> enables us to be thinking individuals
  • paleocortex
    -> in the olfactory bulb
    -> 3 layers
  • archicortex
    -> in the hippocampus
    -> 3 layers
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2
Q

how are the areas of the cortex connected to one another?

A

subcortical fibre bundles
- association fibres
-> pass between areas within ONE hemisphere
- commissural fibres
-> connect the TWO hemispheres to each other
- ascending/descending projection fibres
-> travel from/to cortex to interconnect it with more caudal areas of CNS

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3
Q

What is the neocortex?

A
  • consists of 6 layers which can be differentiated by their
    -> function
    -> cell type
  • not every cortical area has the same cell distribution
  1. molecular layer
  2. granular neurons (= interneuron)
  3. pyramidal neurons (= main output cells of the cortex)
  4. granular neurons (=interneuron)
  5. pyramidal neurons (= main output cells of the cortex)
  6. multiform layer
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4
Q

What is cytoarchitecture?

A
  • the cortex is organised in functional units
    -> cortical columns
  • processing either specific inputs or outputs
  • Brodmann found areas with different histological organisations
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5
Q

In what way was Brodmann´s finding significant?

A
  • multi-model brain map with 52 discrete areas
  • cytoarchitectural approach
  • similarities/ differences between mammals
    -> comparative neurology

+ basis for many neurological studies
- lack of observer independence, objectivity, reproducability
- map is 2D
- ignored intrasubject variability

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6
Q

What are association fibres?

A

= interconnect areas WITHIN one hemisphere

short: connected with adjacent gyri (facilitate activity along gyrus/ sulcus)

long: conect areas that are more distant from each other

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7
Q

what is the cingulum?

A

= association fibre
- located deeply within the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri
- connects areas of the limbic cortex with each other

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8
Q

what are commissural fibres?

A
  • connect areas of the cortex in one hemisphere with the same areas in the opposite hemisphere
    = enabling coordination
  • corpus callosum
  • anterior and posterior commissures
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9
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

= commissural fibres
- lies deep in the interhemispheric fissure
- main commissural bundle
- connects the two parietal lobes and the posterior parts of the frontal lobes with each other
- splenium
-> posterior pole of the corpus callosum
-> interconnects the occipital lobes & posterior lobes
- genu
-> anterior pole of the corpus callosum
-> connects the frontal lobes with each other

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10
Q

What are the anterior and posterior commissures?

A

= commissural fibres

anterior commissure
-> connects the temporal lobes and the olfactory bulbs

posterior commissure
-> located in the midbrain and connects the pretectal nuclei

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11
Q

what are the projection fibres?

A
  • project from/ to the coretex to connect with more caudal areas of the CNS
  • originate in the corona radiata
  • converge into internal capsule
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12
Q

What is axoplasmic transport?

A
  • intercellular process
    -> important for neurons´ growth and survival
  • responsible for movements of cell parts
    -> from the cell body to the synapse
    -> or another way around
  • paths are provided by microtubules
  • done by motor protein
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13
Q

what are the two different kinds of (axoplasmic) transports?

A

= binding to and transportation of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles, that contain neurotransmitters

  • anterograde transport
    -> from the soma outward to the synapse
    -> mediated by kinesins
  • retrograde transport
    -> from the synapse inwards to the soma
    -> mediated by dyneins
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14
Q

What are tracing techniques?

A
  • a way of mapping the connectivity among brain areas
  1. delineating the location of the injection side
  2. slicing up the brain to create a microscopic preparation

+ allows visualisation of the number of substances that have arrived
- injected substances often spread into ajacent fields
- injection side never perfectly matches the field of interest

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15
Q

what is large-scale functional brain organisation?

A

aiming at mapping the brain to understand how functional and structural connectivity influence cognitive processes

  1. brain organisation is characterised by non-random, small-world modular global brain architecture
  2. graded inter-and intrahemispheric connectivities
  3. strength of interhemispheric connectivity is not uniform across the brain
  4. organisation characterised by task and content-dependent activation and deactivation of the brain system
  5. most widely deactivated regions form a coherent large-scale network
  6. core prefrontal-parietal control system can be dissociated into distinct brain networks
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16
Q

large-scale functional brain organisation:

What does “brain organisation is characterised by non-random, small-world modular global brain architecture” mean?

A
  • hub regions = regulate communcation among different functional systems
    -> insula
    -> posterior cingulate gyrus
  • brain has a small world architecture
  • node = predefined connection of brain tissue
    -> exhibit a large degree of cluserting and sort edges
  • edge = connection between 2 nodes
17
Q

large-scale functional brain organisation:
What does “graded inter-and intrahemispheric connectivities “ mean?

A
  • the brain is organised into coherent functional networks that have different strengths of interhemispheric connections
    (= communication between left and right hemisphere)
  • heteromodal association areas
    -> low interhemispheric connectivity
18
Q

large-scale functional brain organisation:
What does “organisation characterised by task and content-dependent activation and deactivation of the brain system” mean?

A
  • suggests temporally restricted access to neural resources
  • responses within these regions increase and decrease proportionately and often antagonistically in relation to specific cognitive demands
  • posterior cingulate cortex & medial PFC are typically below resting baseline
19
Q

large-scale functional brain organisation:
What does “most widely deactivated regions form a coherent large-scale network” mean?

A

a connected system that is important for monitoring of internal mental scenery & self-referential information processing

= default network
-> anchored in posterior cingulate cortex + medial PFC
-> involved in self-referential processing
-> abnormalities have been identified in major psychiatric disorders

20
Q

large-scale functional brain organisation:
What does “core prefrontal-parietal control system can be dissociated into distinct brain networks “ mean?

A
  • salience network
    -> anchored in the insula + anterior cingulate cortex
    -> important in attentional capture of biologically and cognitively relevant events
    -> identifying relevant (internal/ external) stimuli
  • central executive network
    -> anchored in dorsolateral PFC and supramarginal gyrus
    -> maintains & manipulates information in WM and rule-based problem solving

Functional Neuro (5 decks)

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