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B&B absolute summary > Task 3 > Flashcards

Task 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Chemical transmission of signals among neurons

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2
Q

Communication among neurons

A

At the synapses the neurotransmitters molecules are released into the synaptic cleft inducing IPSP or EPSP by binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

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3
Q

What are denditric spines?

A

Nodules of various shapes located on surfaces of many dendrites.

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4
Q

What are axodendritic synapses?

A

Synapses of axon terminal buttons on dendrites.

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5
Q

What are axosomatic synapses?

A

Synapses of axon terminal buttons on somas

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6
Q

Dendrodendritic synapses

A

.

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7
Q

What can axoaxonic synapses do?

A

They can mediate presynaptic facilitation and inhibito,

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8
Q

What are directed synapses?

A

The sites of neurotransmitter release and reception in close proximity.

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9
Q

What are nondirected synapses?

A

Sites of release and reception at a distance from each other the mmolecules are released from varicosities (bulges) along the axon branches.

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10
Q

How are neurotransmitters released?

A

By exocitosis from the presynaptic membrane

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11
Q

Whi has receptors for neurotransmitters?

A

The ostsynaptic membrane

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12
Q

who contains neurotransmitters?

A

The synaptic vesicles

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13
Q

Who produces ATP?

A

The mitochndrions

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14
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotid

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15
Q

What are the two basic categories of neurotransmitters? how are this packaged synthesized and transported?

A

Small
Synthesized by cytoplasm of the terminal button
Pckaged in synaptyc vesicles of the golgi complex, stored i clusters
Large (neuropeptide)
neuropeptides are short aminoacid chains
they are assembled in the cytoplas of the cell body on the ribosomes
they are packaged by the clel body of the golgis complex
they are transported to terminal buttons by microtubules

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16
Q

What is coexistence of a neuron?

A

Many neurons contain two neurotransmitters mostly 1 small molecule and 1 neuropetide

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17
Q

Release the neurotransmitter molecules

A

Action potential traveling down the axon arrives at the axon terminal
Depolarization opens voltage gated calcium channels iin the membrane (Ca+2 neters the terminal)
Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles filled
ed with neurotransmitters to fuse with presynaptic membrane and rupture releasing molecules into the synaptic cleft.
Transmitter molecules cross cleft to bind to receptor molecules in the postsynaptic membrane(opening ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane)
Ion flow creates local EPSP or IPSP
Synaptic transmitter is either inactivated by enzimes or removed from cleft by transporters.
synaptic transmiter may also activate presynaptic autoreceptors

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18
Q

Exocytosis:

A

The proccess of neurotransmitter release

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19
Q

Exocytosis of neuropetides

A

It .

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20
Q

Activation of receptors by transmitters molecules

A

By binding to receptors i the postsynaptic membrane neurotransmitter molecules produce signal

each is receptor is a protein containing binding sites for only a particular neurotransmitter

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21
Q

What is a Ligand?

A

Molecule binding to another molecule

22
Q

characteristics of the different receptors that a neuro trnasmitter can bind to

A

They are located in differen tpart so fth ebrian
They respond in many different ways
They enable one neuro transmitter to transmit different kinds of messages to different parts of the brain

23
Q

What are the two ways the binding of a neurotransmitter to a recpeot can influence the postsynaptic neuron?

A

The receptor is ionotropic

The receptor is metabotropic

24
Q

What happens wwhen a neurotransmitter binds to an ionotropic receptor?

A

Ligand activated ion channels- Associated ion channel opens or closes immediately, inducing immediate postsynaptic potential.

25
Q

What happens when neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor?

A

I signals proteins and G proteins check this out at the end oas a bonus

26
Q

what are the two mechanisms that terminate synaptic messages?

A

Reuptake

encymatic degradation

27
Q

What does reuptake consist of?

A

The reuptake is carrie dby trasnporters

it is more common

it happens to the majority of neurotransmitters released that are almost immediatley drawn back into presynaptic buttons byt ransporter mechanisms.

28
Q

What does enzymatic degradation consist of?

Especial case for acetylcholine?

A

The neurotransmitters are degraded byy action of enzymes

Acetylcholine( for which enzymatic degradation is the main mechanism of the synaptic deactivation) is broken down by enzime acetylcholinesterase.

29
Q

What happens to neurotransmitter molecules or their breakdown product regardless of the method od deactivation?

Who also draws back?

A

Theyre drawn back into the presynaptic button regardless of the method of deactivation.

Vesicles also draw back

30
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

A cellular proccess in which substances are brought into a cell

31
Q

Why are glial cells in the brain considered important fro brain fucntion?

A

Because they have a greater prevalence in humans an d other ntelligent animals

32
Q

What are connexins?

A

Fine,tubular cytoplasm filled protein channels

33
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Narrow spaces between adjacent cells bridged by connexins

34
Q

What are gap junctions also called what is their function?

A

They connect the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells allowing electrical signals and small molecule to pass;

Theyre also called electrical synapses

They transmit signals faster than a chemical synapse

35
Q

What are some clues about the important fucntion of glial cells and gap junctions?

A

The cerebral gap junction in the majority occur between cells of like kind and their fucntion is to synchronize activity of like cells in a particular area

Astrocytic organization

36
Q

What is astrocytic organization?

A

Astrocytes play a role in synchronizing the activities of like cells

37
Q

How are astrocytes distributed?

A

Evenly, each astrocyte coordinates activity of neuron in its domain

38
Q

Whered o gap junctions of astrocytes tend to occur?

A

At the end of eaxch proccess so astrocytes come i cntact with the ending processes of oadjacent cells

39
Q

WHhat is the tripartiate synapse?

A

Hypothesis that synaptic transmission depends on communication among 3 cells:

Presynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic neuron
Astrocytes

40
Q

Different types of enurotransitters

A

there are hundreds but welll focus in 4

Amino acids
Monoamines
Acetylcholine

and an unconventional large molecule neurotransmitter the neuropeptide

41
Q

What do neuropeptides produce?

A

Most produce either nhibition or excitation some booth

42
Q

Roles and functions of aminoacids and where are they found?

A

They are found in the majoritty of fast acting directed synapses i the CNS

Theyre important for:

Molecular building blocks of proteins :
Glutamate
Aspartate 
Glycine
GABA
43
Q

Glutamate?

A

Most prevalent excitatory neurotransitter in mammlaian CNS it mainly interacts with ionotropic NMDA or AMPT receptors (aminoacid)

44
Q

Where is glycine commn?

A

IN th eproteins we consume

45
Q

what is GABA?

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid;

Synthesized by modification of the structure of the glutamate

most prevalent inhibitory neurotranslitter

inotropic- GABAa
metabotropic- GABAb

46
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitters

A

Each neurotransmitter synthesized from a single aminoacid

47
Q

Remember to amke a special deck only for neurotrasnmitters

A

si

48
Q

What are the 2 effects drugs have on synaptic transmission?

A

Agonist- It facilitates effects

Antagonist- Inhibits effects

49
Q

The seven proccess of how a drug influences synaptic transmission

A 
1 Synthesis of neurotransmitter 
2 storage in vesicles
3breakdown in cytoplasm of any neurotransmitter that eaks from the vesicles
4Exocytosis
5 Ihibitory eedback via autoreceptors
6 activation of postsynaptic receptors
7 deactivation
50
Q

what are receptor blockers?

A

Receptors that bind to postsynaptic receptors without activating them blocking any access to them by other receptors

51
Q

What are the two mechanisms of drug addiction?

A

The agonistic drug effect :

The antagonistic drug effect:

52
Q

What are the three influential llines of research of behavioural pharmacology?

A

This three are putative(hypothetical) behavioral functions

Wrinkles and darts

pleasure and pain

Tremors and mental illlness

B&B absolute summary (2 decks)

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