Task 2 - Hurley chapter 2

Question 1

Linguistic functions

Answer 1

1. convey info
2. express/evoke feelings
3. cognitive meaning
4. emotive meaning

mostly statements like this have both

Question 2

cognitive meaning

Answer 2

terminology that conveys information

value claim: a claim that something is good , bad, right wrong, better or worse, more or less important than some other thing
- require evidence to support them

Question 3

emotive meaning

Answer 3

terminology that expresses or evokes feelings

leads people to accept information without evidence

Question 4

value claim

Answer 4

value claim: a claim that something is good , bad, right wrong, better or worse, more or less important than some other thing

Question 5

How to evaluate validity?

Answer 5

rephrase the argument in emotively neutral language , making implicit suggestions and value claims explicit

Question 6

vague expression

Answer 6

allows for borderline cases in which it is impossible to tell if the expression applies or does not apply
- Ostern allow for a continuous rage of interpretation

e.g. leve, happiness, peace fresh, rich, poor, normal , conservative, polluted

Question 7

ambiguous expressions

Answer 7

one that can be interpreted as having more than one clearly distinct meaning in a given context

allows multiple discrete interpretations

e.g. light, proper, critical, stress, was, inflate, chest, bank, sound ,race

Question 8

Term

Answer 8

any word or arrangement of words that may serve as the subject of a statement

not terms: verbs, non substantive , adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and all non syntactic arrangement of words

Question 9

2 types of cognitive meaning of words

Answer 9

1. intentional meaning/ intention

2. extensional meaning/ extension

Question 10

Intentional meaning/ intension

Answer 10

consists of the qualities or attributes that the term connotes
- also known as connotation

e. g. cat = furry, having four legs
- connotation of term remains more or less the same from person to person and from time to time

Question 11

Extensional meaning/extension

Answer 11

consists of the members of the class that the term denotes

• also known as denotation
• Denotation of a term typically remain the same from person to person, but may change over time

e.g. the cat themselves, all cats in the universe

Question 12

conventional connotation

Answer 12

conventional connotaiopm of a term includes:

teh Attributes that the term commonly calls forth in the minds of competent speakers od the language

Question 13

empty extension

Answer 13

denote the empty class that class that has no member 
e.g. current king od France (not a thing anymore), unicorns, leprechauns

Question 14

Intention determines extension

Answer 14

1. increasing intension
2. decreased intension
3. increased extension
4. decreasing extension

Question 15

increasing intension

Answer 15

each term in the series after the first is more specific than the one preceding it

e.g. animal, mammal, feline, tiger

Question 16

decreasing intension

Answer 16

reverse of increasing intention

Tiger, felin , mammal, animal

Question 17

increasing extension

Answer 17

when the size class gets larger

e.g. tiger, feline, mammal, animal

Question 18

decreasing extension

Answer 18

reverse of increasing extension

e.g. animal, mammal, felin , tiger

Question 19

Definitions

Answer 19

every definition consists of two parts:

1. definiendum
2. defines

Question 20

Definiendum

Answer 20

the word or group of words that is supported to be defines

Question 21

defines

Answer 21

the word or group of words that does the defining

Question 22

stipulative definitions

Answer 22

assigns a meaning to a words for the first time

• may involve coining a new word or giving a new meaning to an older word
• purpose: usually to replace more complex expression with simpler one
• no such thing as true or false stipulative defintion

Question 23

Lexical definition

Answer 23

reports the meaning that a word already has a language

• dictionary definition
• may be true or false depending on wether it didoes or does not report the way a word is actually used

Question 24

precising defenition

Answer 24

reduce the vagueness of a word

• the assignment of a meaning in a premising definition is not at all arbitrary

Question 25

theoretical definition

Answer 25

assigns a meaning to a word by suggesting a theory that gives a certain characterization to the entities that the term denotes

• provides a way of viewing/ conceiving these entities that suggest deductive consequences, further investigation or other
• Neither true or false –> function as proposals to see or interpret some phenomenon In a certain way

Question 26

Persuasive definition

Answer 26

engender a favorable/ unfavorable attitude toward what is denoted by the definiendum

• Assigning an emotionally charged or value-laden meaning to a word while making it appear that the word really has that meaning in the language in which it is used