Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics & Psychology > Task 2 > Flashcards

Task 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a single gene characteristic?

A

single gene characteristic = the difference in phenotype which is determined one genetic locus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a polygenic characteristic?

A

many genes have one effect
Variation in the phenotype due to a number of genes
E.g. height or the hair color is not only determined by one gene it is more a couple of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was the procedure of Mendel’s peas experiment?

A
  1. he made sure that the individuals are homozygous = only create yellow or green peas (True breeding) (crossing true breeding = hybridization)
  2. crossed yellow peas with green peas = F1 generation (Hybrid)
  3. bred F1 with themselves = F2 Generation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the results of the pea experiment of Mendel?

A
  • The F1 generation were all e.g. yellow (=uniform)
  • the F2 generation were 3/4 yellow and 1/4 green

Conclusion:

  • there must be two alleles
  • dominant and recessive
  • each gamete contain only one version of each factor (sex cells are now recognized as haploid)
  • parents contribute equally to the inheritance of offspring as a result of the fusion between randomly selected egg and sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does Homozygous mean?

A

Same Allele

  • e.g. BB or bb
  • produce 100% of gametes the same
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does Heterozygous mean?

A

Different alleles

  • e.g. Bb or bB
  • 50% chance which of the two alleles will be copied
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Law of segregation by Mendel?

Three laws

A
  1. Law of segregation
    - offspring receive one of the two elements from each parent
    - one element can be dominant and the other recessive
    - the first generation is always homologous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the law of independent assortment? (Three laws)

A
  1. Law of independent assortment
    - genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes
    - biological selection of an allele for one trait does not inflict the selection of an allele for another trait
    - e.g. wrinkled or smooth peas are independent of each other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the law of dominance? (Three laws)

A
  1. Law of dominance
    - some alleles are dominant while others are recessive
    - recessive alleles will always be overruled by dominant alleles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the exceptions of mendels law?

1. Co- dominance

A
  1. Co- dominance

- heterozygous fully express the phenotype of both their homozygous parents (e.g. human blood groups AB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the exceptions of mendels law?

2. Incomplete dominance

A
  1. incomplete dominance

- the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate in form between those of the two homozygotes (e.g. pink flowers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the exceptions of mendels law?

3. Multiple alleles

A
  1. Multiple alleles

- in the whole population genes have more than two alleles (individuals have only two)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the exceptions of mendels law?

4. Pleiotropy

A
  1. Pleiotropy
    - one gene is able to affect multiple phenotypic characters
    - e.g. pleiotropic alleles are responsible fro the multiple symptoms of certain heriditary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle -cell disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the exceptions of mendels law?

5. Skip - a generation

A
  1. Skip a generation
    - grandsons generation will be affected of a disease
    e. g. color blind (father color blind, mother not, daughter also not, BUT sons of the daughters have a 50% chance of becoming color blind)
    - due to sex chromosome (recessive allele on X chromosome)
    - daughter tend to be carriers of the gene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Independent segregation

A

Phenotypic traits controlled by different genes can become separated from each other through generations
- when two genes reside on different chromosomes

  • like independent assortment with wrinkled and smooth peas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dependent segregation

A

when the loci are linked on the same chromosome, they do not segregate independently

17
Q

what does linkage mean?

A

Genes that are near to each other are linked to each other

  • they are genes that travel together does the generations until broken apart by recombination
  • when two genes reside on the same chromosome
18
Q

What is the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?

A
  • when the hardy Weinberg equilibrium is currently available, there is no evolution
  • describes an ideal population, the closer to criteria the more stable
  • allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences
    = in an ideal population the allele probability stays constant

A= p, a = q
Two alleles, so p+q =1

Calculating genotype frequencies:
p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1
p and q represent homozygot
2pq = heterozygot

Ideal conditions:

  • no mutations
  • random mating
  • no natural selection
  • extremely large population
  • no gene flow
19
Q

What does a genetic drift mean?

A
  • a genetic drift happen when a population gets separated or a catastrophe occurred, where e.g. only some of the animals survive
  • the smaller the population, the more dramatically allele frequencies will fluctuate from generation to generation
20
Q

What is the neutral theory of molecular evolution?

A
  • because of genetic drift -> 2 populations that become isolated from each other will tend to diverge over time in terms of DNA and due to fixation of mutations
  • fixation of a new mutation is likely in a small population
  • number of new mutations arising is greater in big populations
  • the more difference there is between the DNA seq of 2 animals, the greater the time since their common ancestor
21
Q

What is quantitative genetics?

A

it investigates the overall relationship between genetic and phenotypic similarity

  • continuous character
    characterisitcs that vary continuously, and every individual in the population differs slightly from every other individual (e.g. beak sizes in Galapagos finches)

Quantitative genetics tries to predict phenotype from genotype for traits that are continuously variable (e.g. height, weight)

–> its about predicting phenotype from genotype

22
Q

What is the ACE model? regarding to twin studies

A 
A = heritability 
C = shared environment influences (parental class, behaviour, house grown up in) 
E = Non-shared environmental influences (childhood disease, accidents)
23
Q

What is the dominance effect? And what is the epistatic effect?

A

Dominance effect = are effect due to interaction between the pair of alleles at the locus

Epistatic effects = effects due to interaction between alleles at different loci
Epistasis = a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

=> can’t be measured with twin studies

24
Q

what is pleiotropy?

A

when one gene can have many effects

25
Q

What is the difference between pleiotropy and polygenic?

A

PleiOtropy = one gene has many effects
(o wie one)

Polygenic = many genes have one effect
(poly - mehrere)

Genetics & Psychology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions