Task 1 - Who is in Charge

Question 1

Self-regulation

Answer 1

ability to steer oneself in a certain direction, thus being the consistent appropriate application of self-control

• process rather than state
• involves several elements such as goal setting, monitoring awareness, and evaluation

Question 2

Self Control

Answer 2

• a moment or state of active control

- overriding or inhibiting urges, behaviours and desires

Question 3

Self Efficacy

Answer 3

pals beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives

• how well one can execute courses of action required to deal with prospective situations

Question 4

self-determination theory

Answer 4

motivational orientation had important effects on behavioural regulation and psychological well-being

• strongly depends on autonomy (is behaviour self-determined?)
• behaviour can be otherwise motivated by restrictions and pressures form social, contextual and internal forces

Question 5

intrinsic motivation

Answer 5

neutral inclination toward assimilation, exploration, interesting activity and mastery

activities done for pure enjoyment, interest, inherent satisfaction

Question 6

extrinsic motivation

Answer 6

stems from instrumental reasons or as means to some separable goal

• activities are those done for instrumental reasons or performed as a means to some separable end

Question 7

Autonomy Continuum (spectrum of motivation)

Answer 7

1. Amotivation
2. external regulation
3. introjected regulation
4. identified regulation
5. integrated regulation
6. intrinsic motivation

Question 8

state of flow

Answer 8

highest form of intrinsic motivation –> self-consciousness is lost in the activity, lose track of time

• task is intrinsically rewarding
• clear goals and sense of progress
• immediate feedback
• match of challenge and skills
• intense focus on present moment

Question 9

Autonomy

Answer 9

desire of self-organise and experience behaviour, take part in activities that align with personal value

• self-endorsed
• volitional
• done willingly
• self.determined

Question 10

competence

Answer 10

sense of effectance and confidence in one’s context and the satisfaction that comes with producing effects

Question 11

relatedness

Answer 11

desire to feel connected to others, feel safe and comfortable with people around you

Question 12

factors that undermine intrinsic motivation

Answer 12

• rewards
• imposed goals
• deadlines
• external evaluations
• controlling motivators (e.g. teachers, parents)

Question 13

factors that foster intrinsic motivation

Answer 13

• provision of choice and opportunity
• the acknowledgement of perspectives and feelings
• autonomy supportive parenting
• optimal challenge
• positive performance feedback
• supportive context
• mindfulness
• -> increase autonomy, competence and relatedness

Question 14

internalisation

Answer 14

adoption of a value regulation

Question 15

integration

Answer 15

incorporation of that regulation into the sense of self –> behaviour feels self-endorsed and volitional

Question 16

intervention

–> increase autonomous motivation

Answer 16

1. information about behaviour, discuss benefits, provide rationale, link life goals and behaviour, goal setting
2. normalize failed attempts, formulate strategies to overcome them, enhance self-efficacy
3. encourage individual
4. discuss internalisation of behaviour, feelings towards behaviour and plans to engage in behaviour in the future

Question 17

Motivational Interview

Answer 17

Person centred method of guiding individuals to elicit and strengthen personal motivation for change

Principles:

1. Roll with ‘resistance’
2. express accurate empathy - through reflective listening
3. amplify ambivalence
4. develop discrepancy
5. support self-efficacy

Question 18

External Regulation (external regulation)

Answer 18

behaviours driven by externally imposed rewards and punishments

Question 19

introjected regulation (external motivation)

Answer 19

external motivation that is partially internalised

• behaviour regulated by internal rewards of self-esteem or success
• any by avoidance of anxiety, shame or guilt for failure

Question 20

Identified regulation (external motivation)

Answer 20

person consciously identifies with, or personally validate the value of the activity (autonomously enacted)

• therefore, experiences relatively high degree of volition or willingness to act

Question 21

Integrated regulation (external motivation)

Answer 21

person not only recognises and identifies with value of activity but also finds its congruent with the other core interests and values (most autonomous form)

Question 22

Amotivation

Answer 22

representing an non-self-regulated state in which behaviour is performed without any intent or will or is not engaged in at all

Question 23

Organismic Integration Theory (OIT)

Answer 23

Subtheory of SDT
places different forms of motivation on a continuum & explains the contextual factors (support or hinder internalisation & integration of behavioural regulation)

• behaviour is highly autonomous (positive outcomes: creativity
  enhanced task performance,
  higher psychological wellbeing)
• four subcategories of extrinsic motivation
• least autonomous behavioural regulation (ppl can assign no meaning; feels incompetent to perform it, no expectation of desired outcome)

Question 24

Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET)

Answer 24

Subtheory within SDT
assumes that while intrinsic motivation is propensity of the human organism, it will be facilitated in circumstances that support its expression & hindered under social circumstances that undercut to

• depends on:
  1. experience of autonomy or internal locus of causality
  2. experience of competence or effectance

Question 25

Factors that hinder INtrinsic motivation (CET)

Answer 25

❖ rewards
❖ threats
❖ deadlines
❖ demands
❖ external evaluation (negative
feedback)
❖ imposed goals
= weaken intrinsic motivation

Question 26

Factors that enhance INtrinsic motivation

Answer 26

• provision of choice
• opportunities for self-direction
• acknowledgement of perspectives & feelings

–> foster greater sense of autonomy

Question 27

Fosterin EXtrinsic motivation

Answer 27

Internalisation
- the adoption of a value of regulation

Integration

• the incorporation of that regulation into the sense of self
• -> such that behaviour feels self-endorsed’ & volitional

autonomy support & perceived competence important for internalisation processes of externally motivated behaviours

Question 28

Factors influencing self-regulation

Answer 28

• social forces
• attentional limits (automatic & implicit processes)
• motivational selectivity (higher priority on what is relevant to the self)

–> attentional limits + selectivity bias can hinder optimal regulation→since we displace information which we do not want to be conscious of vs. what is more agreeable

Question 29

Ways to Improve self-regulation

Answer 29

Intrinsic Values:

• for personal development, affiliation, community contribution
• -> directly fulfull needs of autonomy, competence, relatedness

Extrinsic Values:

• aspirations of wealth, popularity, personal image
• -> pursued for instrumental value (only direct fulfilment of needs)
• -> motivated by internal pressure or external forces

Question 30

Mindfulness

Answer 30

• association with stronger emphasis on intrinsic aspirations
• directly predicts psychological well-being by enhancing behavioral regulation
• can be enhanced by daily practice