Task 1 - Who is in Charge Flashcards
Self-regulation
ability to steer oneself in a certain direction, thus being the consistent appropriate application of self-control
- process rather than state
- involves several elements such as goal setting, monitoring awareness, and evaluation
Self Control
- a moment or state of active control
- overriding or inhibiting urges, behaviours and desires
Self Efficacy
pals beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives
- how well one can execute courses of action required to deal with prospective situations
self-determination theory
motivational orientation had important effects on behavioural regulation and psychological well-being
- strongly depends on autonomy (is behaviour self-determined?)
- behaviour can be otherwise motivated by restrictions and pressures form social, contextual and internal forces
intrinsic motivation
neutral inclination toward assimilation, exploration, interesting activity and mastery
activities done for pure enjoyment, interest, inherent satisfaction
extrinsic motivation
stems from instrumental reasons or as means to some separable goal
- activities are those done for instrumental reasons or performed as a means to some separable end
Autonomy Continuum (spectrum of motivation)
- Amotivation
- external regulation
- introjected regulation
- identified regulation
- integrated regulation
- intrinsic motivation
state of flow
highest form of intrinsic motivation –> self-consciousness is lost in the activity, lose track of time
- task is intrinsically rewarding
- clear goals and sense of progress
- immediate feedback
- match of challenge and skills
- intense focus on present moment
Autonomy
desire of self-organise and experience behaviour, take part in activities that align with personal value
- self-endorsed
- volitional
- done willingly
- self.determined
competence
sense of effectance and confidence in one’s context and the satisfaction that comes with producing effects
relatedness
desire to feel connected to others, feel safe and comfortable with people around you
factors that undermine intrinsic motivation
- rewards
- imposed goals
- deadlines
- external evaluations
- controlling motivators (e.g. teachers, parents)
factors that foster intrinsic motivation
- provision of choice and opportunity
- the acknowledgement of perspectives and feelings
- autonomy supportive parenting
- optimal challenge
- positive performance feedback
- supportive context
- mindfulness
- -> increase autonomy, competence and relatedness
internalisation
adoption of a value regulation
integration
incorporation of that regulation into the sense of self –> behaviour feels self-endorsed and volitional
intervention
–> increase autonomous motivation
- information about behaviour, discuss benefits, provide rationale, link life goals and behaviour, goal setting
- normalize failed attempts, formulate strategies to overcome them, enhance self-efficacy
- encourage individual
- discuss internalisation of behaviour, feelings towards behaviour and plans to engage in behaviour in the future
Motivational Interview
Person centred method of guiding individuals to elicit and strengthen personal motivation for change
Principles:
- Roll with ‘resistance’
- express accurate empathy - through reflective listening
- amplify ambivalence
- develop discrepancy
- support self-efficacy
External Regulation (external regulation)
behaviours driven by externally imposed rewards and punishments
introjected regulation (external motivation)
external motivation that is partially internalised
- behaviour regulated by internal rewards of self-esteem or success
- any by avoidance of anxiety, shame or guilt for failure
Identified regulation (external motivation)
person consciously identifies with, or personally validate the value of the activity (autonomously enacted)
- therefore, experiences relatively high degree of volition or willingness to act
Integrated regulation (external motivation)
person not only recognises and identifies with value of activity but also finds its congruent with the other core interests and values (most autonomous form)
Amotivation
representing an non-self-regulated state in which behaviour is performed without any intent or will or is not engaged in at all
Organismic Integration Theory (OIT)
Subtheory of SDT
places different forms of motivation on a continuum & explains the contextual factors (support or hinder internalisation & integration of behavioural regulation)
- behaviour is highly autonomous (positive outcomes: creativity
enhanced task performance,
higher psychological wellbeing) - four subcategories of extrinsic motivation
- least autonomous behavioural regulation (ppl can assign no meaning; feels incompetent to perform it, no expectation of desired outcome)
Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET)
Subtheory within SDT
assumes that while intrinsic motivation is propensity of the human organism, it will be facilitated in circumstances that support its expression & hindered under social circumstances that undercut to
- depends on:
1. experience of autonomy or internal locus of causality
2. experience of competence or effectance
Factors that hinder INtrinsic motivation (CET)
❖ rewards ❖ threats ❖ deadlines ❖ demands ❖ external evaluation (negative feedback) ❖ imposed goals = weaken intrinsic motivation
Factors that enhance INtrinsic motivation
- provision of choice
- opportunities for self-direction
- acknowledgement of perspectives & feelings
–> foster greater sense of autonomy
Fosterin EXtrinsic motivation
Internalisation
- the adoption of a value of regulation
Integration
- the incorporation of that regulation into the sense of self
- -> such that behaviour feels self-endorsed’ & volitional
autonomy support & perceived competence important for internalisation processes of externally motivated behaviours
Factors influencing self-regulation
- social forces
- attentional limits (automatic & implicit processes)
- motivational selectivity (higher priority on what is relevant to the self)
–> attentional limits + selectivity bias can hinder optimal regulation→since we displace information which we do not want to be conscious of vs. what is more agreeable
Ways to Improve self-regulation
Intrinsic Values:
- for personal development, affiliation, community contribution
- -> directly fulfull needs of autonomy, competence, relatedness
Extrinsic Values:
- aspirations of wealth, popularity, personal image
- -> pursued for instrumental value (only direct fulfilment of needs)
- -> motivated by internal pressure or external forces
Mindfulness
- association with stronger emphasis on intrinsic aspirations
- directly predicts psychological well-being by enhancing behavioral regulation
- can be enhanced by daily practice
