task 1 - who are you? Flashcards
define S-data
➔ Every person asked same set of questions ➔ Most preferred ➔ Most used ➔ Best combined with more direct methods ➔ Good for analysing the ‘Big 5’ traits o Extraversion o Agreeableness o Conscientiousness o Neuroticism o Openness
what are the advantages of S-data?
➔ Easy and accurate ➔ People likely to be motivated to talk about themselves and might identify with the q’s ➔ Easy to interpret ➔ Cheap and quick ➔ Really practical and efficient so you can gather data from a large set of people ➔ Have a lot of control ➔ Large archive to use
what are the disadvantages of S-data?
Structure of q’s could be misunderstood ➔ Response biases* o Socially desirable responding: present themselves in a favourable light o Acquiescent responding: don’t consider the q o Extreme responding ➔ Takes effort and time ➔ People aren’t always self- aware → misunderstood perception of who they are ➔ Do we know ourselves well enough? ➔ Not as accurate as behavioural measures ➔ Could have issues with language...
define I-data
➔ Peer reports
➔ Indispensable
methodological tool for researchers in the social sciences
➔ Should be compared with self-reports to see if the results are congruent
➔ More valuable information provided by comparing the ratings made by the different observers→ peer-peer agreement or inter-judge agreement
what are the advantages of I-data?
➔ Objective
➔ Rich source of
info
➔ Principle of
aggregation: More judgements = more reliable
o More than one
method should be used to obtain a more accurate result
➔ Informants have observed loads =
the report includes attributes that reflect the characteristic → useful info across situations
what are the disadvantages of I-data?
Expensive: time and money** ➔ Difficult and invalid o Uncooperative informants o Dishonest answers ➔ Less practical and efficient o Need to find informants ➔ Questionnaire = response biases o Acquiescence and extreme responding o Not social desirability o Enhancement biases: show person in favourable light o Diminishing biases: make person look like shit ➔ Responses from others may be affected by new biases →fundamental attribution error: tendency to emphasize dispositions of others over situational factors in explaining behaviour ➔ Informants will never have as much information as the target→thoughts, feelings
define B-data
➔ Seeing how person acts
➔ Rare
➔ Need external judges view
and to code actions, either in a lab or naturalistic setting
what are the advantages of B-data?
➔ Lab setting: assess situation-
specific traits
➔ Naturalistic
setting: can use cameras and microphones to record in multiple occasions → BUT CAN BE EXPENSIVE AND OBTRUSIVE TO SUBJECT
➔ Maybe use an EAR:
Electronically Activated Recorder = captures short auditory snapshots of what the individual is doing at numerous times over a couple of days
what are the disadvantages of B-data?
➔ Not very practical or convenient
➔ Developing and accessing coding schemes that are required involves a great deal of effort
➔ Costs time and money
➔ Lab setting:
o Artificiality→lack of representativeness of how the individual generally acts
o Social desirability o Susceptibility to
demand
characteristics o Ethical concerns
➔ Only one behaviour is measured = limits the behaviours being assessed
➔ Observational data collected on one occasion might reflect specific situational factors rather than dispositional factors
what are the limitations of multiple method approaches?
- Requires extra time commitment, 2.money
- resources
- training to implement
define self-knowledge
Accurate self-perceptions about how one typically thinks, feels, and behaves, and awareness of how those patterns are interpreted by others
are self-perceptions consistent with objective measures?
• Studies comparing self-ratings on the ‘Big 5’ and behavioural measures on a broad scale show an average correlation between self-perceptions and laboratory behaviour of 0.34
• Mehl, Gosling, Pennebaker: used an EAR
1. Ratings on the Big 5 are represented in everyday behaviour (ex: introverts spend more time alone)
2. Self-views do reflect, to some extent, how people behave in their everyday lives
• Maybe, people’s perceptions of their personality are not very accurate, but their perceptions of their behaviour might be
• Personality ratings predict important life outcomes such as criminality, divorce, and mortality
• People know most about their internal traits (anxiety) and least about highly evaluative traits (intelligence)
do self-perceptions converge with others’ perceptions?
• Several meta-analyses showed correlations between 0.40-0.60
• Self-ratings seem to be more in line with spouses’ ratings than with friends’ or roommate’s
1. Self-other agreement increases with the other’s level of acquaintance
• On the other hand, these studies also show that people’s self-views are far from identical to their
reputations among those who know them best
define meta-accuracy
the capacity to know how others see us
define generalised meta-accuracy
reflects the awareness of their reputation
–> do they know how they’re seen?
define dyadic (or differential) meta-accuracy
reflects the awareness of the impressions they make on specific individuals
–> do they know who sees them as smart or kind
brunswik’s lens model
people create their physical environments according to their personality
–> therefore, people can judge personality traits based on a person’s created environment
cue utilization
link between the observable cue (desk) and an observer’s judgement (messy)
cue validity
link between the observable cue (desk) and the occupant’s actual level of the certain characteristic
mechanisms linking individuals to the environments they inhibit
- self-directed identity claims (room decorations)
- other-directed identity claims (symbols)
- interior behavioural residue(physical traces of activities conducted in the environment)
