Task 1 - Joe changes

Question 1

Nurture

Answer 1

includes nurturing by parents and other caregivers but also every experience children encounter

Question 2

Nature

Answer 2

includes children’s maturing brain and body; their ability to perceive, act, and learn from experience; and their tendency to integrate particular observations into coherent knowledge

Question 3

Main sources of continuity - three processes

Answer 3

1. Assimilation
2. Accommodation
3. Equilibration

Question 4

Assimilation (Main sources of continuity)

Answer 4

process by which people incorporate incoming information into concepts they already understand (f.e., learn what a dog is, see a cow and call it a dog but then learn that not all four legged animals are dogs)

Question 5

Accommodation (Main sources of continuity)

Answer 5

the process by which people adapt current knowledge structure in response to new experiences – process by which people improve their current understanding in response to new experiences

Question 6

Equilibration (Main sources of continuity)

Answer 6

the process by which children (or other people) balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

Question 7

Equilibration includes three phases

Answer 7

1. Equilibrium
2. Disequilibrium
3. “Advanced equilibrium”

Question 8

Equilibrium

Answer 8

Children are satisfied with their understanding of a particular phenomenon – because the children do not see any discrepancies between their observations and their understanding of the phenomenon

Question 9

Disequilibrium

Answer 9

New information leads them to perceive that their understanding is inadequate – they recognize shortcomings in their understanding of the phenomenon, but they cannot generate a superior alternative

Question 10

“Advanced equilibrium”

Answer 10

They develop a more sophisticated understanding that eliminates the shortcomings of the old one – creating a more advanced equilibrium within which a broader range of observations can be understood

Question 11

A-not-B error

Answer 11

the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden

Question 12

Deferred imitation

Answer 12

the repetition of other people’s behaviour minutes, hours, or even days after it occurred

Question 13

Symbolic representation

Answer 13

the use of one object to stand for another (f.e., using a play card as a symbol for a mobile phone)

Question 14

Egocentrism

Answer 14

perceiving the world solely from one’s own point of view

Question 15

Centration

Answer 15

focusing on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event to the exclusion of other relevant but less striking features

Question 16

Conservation concept

Answer 16

merely changing the appearance or arrangement of objects does not necessarily change other key properties, such as quantity of material
–> Commonly studied concepts in 5- to 8-year-olds are:
Conservation of liquid quantity, conservation of solid quantity, and conservation of number

Question 17

Sociocultural theories

Answer 17

approaches that emphasize that other people and the surrounding culture contribute greatly to children’s development

Question 18

Guided participation

Answer 18

a process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in ways that allow less knowledgeable people to engage in them at a higher level than they could manage on their own

Question 19

Cultural tools

Answer 19

the innumerable products of human ingenuity that enhance thinking – symbol systems, artifacts, skills, values (how we raise our children), and so on

Question 20

Process of internalizing - three phases (language and thought)

Answer 20

1. children’s behavior is controlled by other people’s statements (f.e., parents tell you what to do)
2. children’s behavior is controlled by their own private speech, in which they tell themselves aloud what to do, much as their parents might have done earlier
3. their behavior is controlled by internalized private speech (thought), in which they silently tell themselves what to do

Question 21

Two related concepts that play prominent roles in sociocultural analyses of change

Answer 21

1. Intersubjectivity

2. Social scaffolding

Question 22

Intersubjectivity

Answer 22

the mutual understanding that people share during communication

Question 23

Joint attention

Answer 23

infants and their social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment - enables one to learn and language abilities and perspective taking

Question 24

Social scaffolding

Answer 24

a process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children’s thinking at a higher level than children could manage on their own – supplying this framework includes explaining the goal of the task, demonstrating how the task can be done, and helping the child with the most difficult parts of the task
Goal of social scaffolding—to allow children to learn by doing

Question 25

autobiographical memories

Answer 25

One particularly important way in which parents use scaffolding is in helping children form autobiographical memories, that is, explicit memories of events that took place at specific times and places in the individual’s past

Question 26

Zone of proximal development

Answer 26

tasks children can only achieve with guided assistance of adults – if child does something wrong, then one should not give him the feeling that he failed