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Mind your body > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

self-objectification

A

A self-perspective that involves taking a primary view of the self as an object; viewing oneself from a third-person perspective as opposed to a first-person perspective

easily leads to body shame since the ideals are impossible to reach .
as a result of the anticipation of being evaluated by others

predicts self-surveillance

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2
Q

self-surveillance

A

Form of self-consciousness characterized by habitual monitoring of body’s outward appearance

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3
Q

sexual objectification

A

hen a person is reduced to and/or treated solely as a body or a collection of body parts for sexual use; when sexual parts and/or functions are separated out from the rest of the person.

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4
Q

sexualization

A

The appropriation ( Inbesitzname) of a person’s sexuality by another; sexual objectification is one type of sexualization.

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5
Q

objectification

A

To objectify is to make into and treat something that is not an object as an object, which can be used, manipulated, controlled, and known through its physical properties

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6
Q

body image

A

The image of oneself one has in mind.

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7
Q

Gender role

A

behavior & traits that are associated wit specific gender
Distinction between feminist and masculinity

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8
Q

social role theory

A

gender roles have their origin in biological differences between men ( strength) & women ( care taking)

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9
Q

gender role congruity theory

A

both genders are motivated to fulfill they’re gender role and they will be rejected by society if not, women and man will try to live up to expectations of society

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10
Q

Heterosexual script

A

men want sex woman want relationships

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11
Q

Model of objectification theory

A

Cultural practices of sexual objectification (gazing comments, harassment, violence) => self-objectification => self-surveillance => Negative subjective experiences (body shame, anxiety, …)=> Mental health risks ( eating disorders, depression, sexual disfunction)

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12
Q

Anthropometric value

A

values based on measurements of the human body

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13
Q

Idiographic approach

A

studying individuals from their own perspective

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14
Q

Nomothetic approach

A

studying individual from a generalized approach

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15
Q

femininity

A

It is the gender role associated with women and generally contains traits and behaviors related to ‘expressiveness’ and ‘communion’.

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16
Q

masculinity

A

It is the gender role associated with men and generally encompasses traits and behaviors associated with ‘industriousness’ and ‘assertiveness’.

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17
Q

body project

A

when boarder between adults and young lossend, young girls become more vulnerable to focus on their aberranceIt is socially acceptable and even promoted for young girls to be obsessed with their bodies and thinness concerns

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18
Q

hetrosexist

A

believe that heterosexuality is the only valid choice and that it is superior to all other sexualties.

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19
Q

anthropometric values

A

Values based on measurements of the human body.

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20
Q

idiographic approach

A

Studying individuals from their own unique perspective.

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21
Q

nomothetic approach

A

Studying individuals from a generalized perspective (e.g., relative to norms or other groups).

22
Q

transtheoretical model

A

model Developed by James Prochaska and colleagues, a theory that models individuals’ readiness to change a problem behavior as a series of stages.

23
Q

pluralistic Ignorance

A

most members of a group secretly reject a norm, but incorrectly assume most others accept the norm

24
Q

Body Image AND MEDIA

A

Media constantly reminds us of the importance of being thin ( special K products, fitness shakes , skinnyjeans

worse, woman are often depicted as sexual objects ( long hair, big lips, long legs) especially in porn

Market driven Media has become a rival to family& school when it comes to education
The amount of time women review magazines Is positively correlated to body dissatisfaction

25
Q

Body IMAGE FOR GIRLS / Boys

A

women ant to be thin , dieting behavior starts more an more early women life

Man drive for masculinity ( aggression, power), still experience body dissatisfaction resulting in depression , anxiety steroid use
Mans ideal more broader they can also compensate with good job & body functionality

In females it has become normal to be dissatisfied with one’s body and their self-esteem is closely tied to their body-esteem. Furthermore, women are twice as likely to report dieting behaviour, but both use exercise to manipulate their body

26
Q

Gender norms

A

gender role congruent theory
social role theory

Men tend to have higher positions ( leaders, politicians) . Women need to attract men to have financial stability
=< Women’s power lies with they attractiveness and ability to attract a man
=> patriarchal system

women are sexually subordinated depicted trough thinner& sexualization

men look for other appearance thinness= health of offspring

women that hold more traditional views tend to have more body dissatisfaction

27
Q

3lenses theory

A
  • Polarization: we tend to emphasize gender differences as much as possible
  • stastsssspatriarchal structure: women are subordinated to the dominant men
  • bibbiological explanations: men prefer physical attractive women which may be a sign that they have a better reproductive health
28
Q

ses and body image

A

Another influencing factor is the socioeconomic status since those with low SES cannot afford the cultural products that facilitate the ideal so as a result, these women are less vulnerable to body ideals.

29
Q

solution to gender related Bod Image differences

A

Man ned to take on more car retaking roles

more flexiblegender roles and decrease emphasis on body

30
Q

Sources of Media

A

Magazines: internalization of thin ideal
Musik videos: desire to be thinner, high eve of sexual objectification( clothing)
Television: Body dissatisfaction

Magazines have greatest influence

Those who are already at risk for body dissatisfaction tend to seek ut guidance by mass media and worsen their situation
Mass media is primary source of reinforcement of thin ideal ( that might have already been proposed by family, peers)

The younger the girl/ boy is the bigger the effect
Amount of time watched tv (soap operas, movies)is positively correlated to body dissatisfaction, abnormal eating patterns & boys to downgrade fatness

Trough media ( especially boys) first learn to downgrade fatness and then praise thinness

Advertisement: give us picture of ( unreachable) standard sell their product ike a doctor proscribing pils

31
Q

media literacy

A

techniques to reduce or eliminate negative media influences. Intensive interventions can reduce the internalization of the thin beauty ideal

32
Q

individual differences & body image

A

Research suggests that girls who feel accepted in their social environment are less affected by the exposure to thin ideals presented by media. Moderators such as prior body dissatisfaction, low social support, … facilitate the development of disordered eating behaviours and body dissatisfaction in general

33
Q

processes that mediate the reaction between media and negative body image

A
  • Internalization of the thin beauty ideal
  • Social comparison
  • Activation of the thin ideal schema (belief that thin and attractive women have a better life)
  • Self-concept clarity
34
Q

mental health consequences of self objectification

A

a) Body shame
b) Appearance & safety anxiety
c) Reduced concentration or ´flow` experiences on mental & physical tasks
d) Diminished awareness of internal body states (i.e. unipolar depression, sexual dysfunctions, eating disorders, …)

women are 2 as much depressed since they receive mere extreme objectification

35
Q

Model of objectification theory

A

Cultural practices of sexual objectification (gazing, comments, harassment, violence)
↓
Self-objectification (internalized view of self as an object)
↓
Self-surveillance (body monitoring)
↓
Negative subjective experiences (body shame, anxiety, …)
↓
Mental health risks (eating disorders, depression, sexual dysfunction, …)

36
Q

Objectification theory & consequences

A

depressed mood- women more depressed because more sexualized

sexual dysfunction- because focusing on looks not being able to let got

disorders eating- develop because of women feeling of powerlessness& to control sexual objectification of their body , eating disorders because of appearance anxiety & body shame ; women are expected to be concerned about their weight all the time

others:
self-harming behavior, supports f cosmetic surgery

37
Q

measurements

A

Self-Objectification questionnaire=> measures if appearance is more important then health

Objectified body conscious scale => degree to wich women engage in body monitoring

38
Q

self discrepancy

A

actual ideal ought self

discrepancies between actual/ ideal self => dejection related emotion depression & dissatisfaction ( destroy of ones hopes)

Actual/ Ought self discrepancy
=> aviation related emotions => anxiety guilt ( because violation of standard )

additional future & feared self / desire to fulfill ones obligations and avoid punishment
when person comes close to feared self its not about reaching Idea/ ought self anymore but avoiding feared self

discrepancies emotional & psychological consequences

women body almost never matches their ideal one ( actual/ ideal discrepancy) => the greater actual/ ideal self the greater the dissatisfaction and other negative consequences ( social comparison, depression,mlower self esteem )

men in general show lower body related discrepancies they have discrepancies in there direction => gain weight

39
Q

assessment of self -discrepancies

A

2 approaches

Idiographic approach
list 10 attributes how one is right now and how one wants to be

Nomothetic method
a list of attributes Is given

figure rating scale ( shows a lot of different bodies point on wich on yu are / like)

40
Q

self discrepancy & age

A

the older you get the more stable your body image

41
Q

Influences of self-discreancies

A

age
culture
sexual orietntaion
clinical popultaions

42
Q

self-discrepancy & culture

A
  • Women in all cultures show preferences for a thinner ideal body
  • Men in all cultures prefer a more muscular ideal body
  • Cultural differences in BMI is associated to the cultural differences in self-discrepancies.
43
Q

sexual Orientation

A

Gay men show a greater discrepancy from their (muscular) ideal than straight men. The discrepancies between lesbian and heterosexual women however, did not differ.

44
Q

Bulimic & anorexic

A

Bier body dissatisfaction on bulimic patients

In anorexic people body size sometimes under ideal weight. the self-discrepancies often reflect their readiness to change . a person that has no discrepancies subtweet actual and ideal weight might see weight loss as problematic but us not ready to change

BDD patients have great discrepancies

actual / ideal = bulimia
Ideal/ ought = anorexic because trying to live up to societies expectations
The self-discrepancies elicit behaviours that are aimed at minimizing this discrepancy (i.e. dieting, exercising, …) and are thus correlated with the goal to change one’s weight. Also, self-discrepancies elicit behaviours that will help them escape the negative consequences (taking drugs, overeating, …)

45
Q

Prevention of eating disorder with self discrepancy

A
  • Correcting individuals biased perceptions of their own body ( might involve actual behavior change like exercising )
  • Change the nature of the ideals that people hold as their guide (media representations that elicit greater self-discrepancy)
  • Importance that is placed on appearance related discrepancies must be reduced and the focus on other aspects of oneself (strengths) must be increased
  • engaging in comparison that has nothing to do wth body helped girls

Actual-Ideal => cosmetic surgery

46
Q

tripartheit influence model

A

⎝ Familiar peer and media influences such as ideal body portrayals affect body dissatisfaction through the mediating pathways of internalizations of ideals and social comparison.
⎝ Internalization: adopting the ideal social body figure as a personal goal
⎝ Social comparison: comparing one’s standard to another (relevant others, one who is superior (=upward comparison), one who is inferior (= downward comparison) is often a self-protective function). Not the frequency of comparing yourself is harmful, but rather the direction of the comparison.

47
Q

men & body image

A

1) exposure to muscular men =>dissatisfaction increases
2) mucular images did nt produce as much dissatisfaction as lean
§ hypermuscular pictures did nt induce changes

48
Q

Social comparison theory

A

1 people tend to compare themselves to relevant others

  1. upward comparison => fellow bad
  2. Downward comparison => satisfaction / protective
49
Q

Processes Body image of Mass media

A

Internalizaion of thin ideal
social comparison
thinness schema
activation of weight shape related discrepancies

50
Q

Body image 4 components

A

Cognitive
bahvioral -doing 100 crunches
affective- feeling dissatisfied, anxiety depression
perceptual

51
Q

prevention & intervention efforts of self-discrepancies

A

+correcting individuals biased opinion about themselves
+change the nature of ideals that individuals hold ( media representations)
+ Importance on appearance ( leading to discrepancies ) must be reduced instead focus on strength

Mind your body (5 decks)

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