Task 1 Flashcards
self-objectification
A self-perspective that involves taking a primary view of the self as an object; viewing oneself from a third-person perspective as opposed to a first-person perspective
easily leads to body shame since the ideals are impossible to reach .
as a result of the anticipation of being evaluated by others
predicts self-surveillance
self-surveillance
Form of self-consciousness characterized by habitual monitoring of body’s outward appearance
sexual objectification
hen a person is reduced to and/or treated solely as a body or a collection of body parts for sexual use; when sexual parts and/or functions are separated out from the rest of the person.
sexualization
The appropriation ( Inbesitzname) of a person’s sexuality by another; sexual objectification is one type of sexualization.
objectification
To objectify is to make into and treat something that is not an object as an object, which can be used, manipulated, controlled, and known through its physical properties
body image
The image of oneself one has in mind.
Gender role
behavior & traits that are associated wit specific gender
Distinction between feminist and masculinity
social role theory
gender roles have their origin in biological differences between men ( strength) & women ( care taking)
gender role congruity theory
both genders are motivated to fulfill they’re gender role and they will be rejected by society if not, women and man will try to live up to expectations of society
Heterosexual script
men want sex woman want relationships
Model of objectification theory
Cultural practices of sexual objectification (gazing comments, harassment, violence) => self-objectification => self-surveillance => Negative subjective experiences (body shame, anxiety, …)=> Mental health risks ( eating disorders, depression, sexual disfunction)
Anthropometric value
values based on measurements of the human body
Idiographic approach
studying individuals from their own perspective
Nomothetic approach
studying individual from a generalized approach
femininity
It is the gender role associated with women and generally contains traits and behaviors related to ‘expressiveness’ and ‘communion’.
masculinity
It is the gender role associated with men and generally encompasses traits and behaviors associated with ‘industriousness’ and ‘assertiveness’.
body project
when boarder between adults and young lossend, young girls become more vulnerable to focus on their aberranceIt is socially acceptable and even promoted for young girls to be obsessed with their bodies and thinness concerns
hetrosexist
believe that heterosexuality is the only valid choice and that it is superior to all other sexualties.
anthropometric values
Values based on measurements of the human body.
idiographic approach
Studying individuals from their own unique perspective.
nomothetic approach
Studying individuals from a generalized perspective (e.g., relative to norms or other groups).
transtheoretical model
model Developed by James Prochaska and colleagues, a theory that models individuals’ readiness to change a problem behavior as a series of stages.
pluralistic Ignorance
most members of a group secretly reject a norm, but incorrectly assume most others accept the norm
Body Image AND MEDIA
Media constantly reminds us of the importance of being thin ( special K products, fitness shakes , skinnyjeans
worse, woman are often depicted as sexual objects ( long hair, big lips, long legs) especially in porn
Market driven Media has become a rival to family& school when it comes to education
The amount of time women review magazines Is positively correlated to body dissatisfaction
Body IMAGE FOR GIRLS / Boys
women ant to be thin , dieting behavior starts more an more early women life
Man drive for masculinity ( aggression, power), still experience body dissatisfaction resulting in depression , anxiety steroid use
Mans ideal more broader they can also compensate with good job & body functionality
In females it has become normal to be dissatisfied with one’s body and their self-esteem is closely tied to their body-esteem. Furthermore, women are twice as likely to report dieting behaviour, but both use exercise to manipulate their body
Gender norms
gender role congruent theory
social role theory
Men tend to have higher positions ( leaders, politicians) . Women need to attract men to have financial stability
=< Women’s power lies with they attractiveness and ability to attract a man
=> patriarchal system
women are sexually subordinated depicted trough thinner& sexualization
men look for other appearance thinness= health of offspring
women that hold more traditional views tend to have more body dissatisfaction
3lenses theory
- Polarization: we tend to emphasize gender differences as much as possible
- stastsssspatriarchal structure: women are subordinated to the dominant men
- bibbiological explanations: men prefer physical attractive women which may be a sign that they have a better reproductive health
ses and body image
Another influencing factor is the socioeconomic status since those with low SES cannot afford the cultural products that facilitate the ideal so as a result, these women are less vulnerable to body ideals.
solution to gender related Bod Image differences
Man ned to take on more car retaking roles
more flexiblegender roles and decrease emphasis on body
Sources of Media
Magazines: internalization of thin ideal
Musik videos: desire to be thinner, high eve of sexual objectification( clothing)
Television: Body dissatisfaction
Magazines have greatest influence
Those who are already at risk for body dissatisfaction tend to seek ut guidance by mass media and worsen their situation
Mass media is primary source of reinforcement of thin ideal ( that might have already been proposed by family, peers)
The younger the girl/ boy is the bigger the effect
Amount of time watched tv (soap operas, movies)is positively correlated to body dissatisfaction, abnormal eating patterns & boys to downgrade fatness
Trough media ( especially boys) first learn to downgrade fatness and then praise thinness
Advertisement: give us picture of ( unreachable) standard sell their product ike a doctor proscribing pils
media literacy
techniques to reduce or eliminate negative media influences. Intensive interventions can reduce the internalization of the thin beauty ideal
individual differences & body image
Research suggests that girls who feel accepted in their social environment are less affected by the exposure to thin ideals presented by media. Moderators such as prior body dissatisfaction, low social support, … facilitate the development of disordered eating behaviours and body dissatisfaction in general
processes that mediate the reaction between media and negative body image
- Internalization of the thin beauty ideal
- Social comparison
- Activation of the thin ideal schema (belief that thin and attractive women have a better life)
- Self-concept clarity
mental health consequences of self objectification
a) Body shame
b) Appearance & safety anxiety
c) Reduced concentration or ´flow` experiences on mental & physical tasks
d) Diminished awareness of internal body states (i.e. unipolar depression, sexual dysfunctions, eating disorders, …)
women are 2 as much depressed since they receive mere extreme objectification
Model of objectification theory
Cultural practices of sexual objectification (gazing, comments, harassment, violence)
↓
Self-objectification (internalized view of self as an object)
↓
Self-surveillance (body monitoring)
↓
Negative subjective experiences (body shame, anxiety, …)
↓
Mental health risks (eating disorders, depression, sexual dysfunction, …)
Objectification theory & consequences
depressed mood- women more depressed because more sexualized
sexual dysfunction- because focusing on looks not being able to let got
disorders eating- develop because of women feeling of powerlessness& to control sexual objectification of their body , eating disorders because of appearance anxiety & body shame ; women are expected to be concerned about their weight all the time
others:
self-harming behavior, supports f cosmetic surgery
measurements
Self-Objectification questionnaire=> measures if appearance is more important then health
Objectified body conscious scale => degree to wich women engage in body monitoring
self discrepancy
actual ideal ought self
discrepancies between actual/ ideal self => dejection related emotion depression & dissatisfaction ( destroy of ones hopes)
Actual/ Ought self discrepancy
=> aviation related emotions => anxiety guilt ( because violation of standard )
additional future & feared self / desire to fulfill ones obligations and avoid punishment
when person comes close to feared self its not about reaching Idea/ ought self anymore but avoiding feared self
discrepancies emotional & psychological consequences
women body almost never matches their ideal one ( actual/ ideal discrepancy) => the greater actual/ ideal self the greater the dissatisfaction and other negative consequences ( social comparison, depression,mlower self esteem )
men in general show lower body related discrepancies they have discrepancies in there direction => gain weight
assessment of self -discrepancies
2 approaches
Idiographic approach
list 10 attributes how one is right now and how one wants to be
Nomothetic method
a list of attributes Is given
figure rating scale ( shows a lot of different bodies point on wich on yu are / like)
self discrepancy & age
the older you get the more stable your body image
Influences of self-discreancies
age
culture
sexual orietntaion
clinical popultaions
self-discrepancy & culture
- Women in all cultures show preferences for a thinner ideal body
- Men in all cultures prefer a more muscular ideal body
- Cultural differences in BMI is associated to the cultural differences in self-discrepancies.
sexual Orientation
Gay men show a greater discrepancy from their (muscular) ideal than straight men. The discrepancies between lesbian and heterosexual women however, did not differ.
Bulimic & anorexic
Bier body dissatisfaction on bulimic patients
In anorexic people body size sometimes under ideal weight. the self-discrepancies often reflect their readiness to change . a person that has no discrepancies subtweet actual and ideal weight might see weight loss as problematic but us not ready to change
BDD patients have great discrepancies
actual / ideal = bulimia
Ideal/ ought = anorexic because trying to live up to societies expectations
The self-discrepancies elicit behaviours that are aimed at minimizing this discrepancy (i.e. dieting, exercising, …) and are thus correlated with the goal to change one’s weight. Also, self-discrepancies elicit behaviours that will help them escape the negative consequences (taking drugs, overeating, …)
Prevention of eating disorder with self discrepancy
- Correcting individuals biased perceptions of their own body ( might involve actual behavior change like exercising )
- Change the nature of the ideals that people hold as their guide (media representations that elicit greater self-discrepancy)
- Importance that is placed on appearance related discrepancies must be reduced and the focus on other aspects of oneself (strengths) must be increased
- engaging in comparison that has nothing to do wth body helped girls
Actual-Ideal => cosmetic surgery
tripartheit influence model
⎝ Familiar peer and media influences such as ideal body portrayals affect body dissatisfaction through the mediating pathways of internalizations of ideals and social comparison.
⎝ Internalization: adopting the ideal social body figure as a personal goal
⎝ Social comparison: comparing one’s standard to another (relevant others, one who is superior (=upward comparison), one who is inferior (= downward comparison) is often a self-protective function). Not the frequency of comparing yourself is harmful, but rather the direction of the comparison.
men & body image
1) exposure to muscular men =>dissatisfaction increases
2) mucular images did nt produce as much dissatisfaction as lean
§ hypermuscular pictures did nt induce changes
Social comparison theory
1 people tend to compare themselves to relevant others
- upward comparison => fellow bad
- Downward comparison => satisfaction / protective
Processes Body image of Mass media
Internalizaion of thin ideal
social comparison
thinness schema
activation of weight shape related discrepancies
Body image 4 components
Cognitive
bahvioral -doing 100 crunches
affective- feeling dissatisfied, anxiety depression
perceptual
prevention & intervention efforts of self-discrepancies
+correcting individuals biased opinion about themselves
+change the nature of ideals that individuals hold ( media representations)
+ Importance on appearance ( leading to discrepancies ) must be reduced instead focus on strength
