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pharmaceutics quiz 6 > targeted therapy with a focus on cancer therapies > Flashcards

targeted therapy with a focus on cancer therapies Flashcards

1
Q

what is chemotherapy

A

drug therapy that kills everything that is growing at an amplified rate whether its is cancerous or healthy

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2
Q

what is targeted therapy

A

a drug therapy killing the right cells in the right area at the right concentration for the correct duration of time

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3
Q

what happens if cancer therapies are not targeted?

A

they will kill everything in their path which can be detrimental to the patient and cause some nasty side effects

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4
Q

how is targeted cancer therapy different than chemotherapy?

A

targeted cancer therapy targets the cancer’s specific genes, proteins, or tissue environment that contributes the the cancer cells growth and survival. it takes advantage of the differences between normal cells and cancerous cells

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5
Q

is targeted cancer therapy used alone or in combination

A

usually in combination with other chemotherapies

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6
Q

what are the 5 different ways that targeted therapy can work?

A
  • it can block or turn off chemical signals that help with growth and division
  • it can change proteins inside of the cancer cells
  • it can cause the blood vessels that supply nutrients to the cancer to stop growing to kill the cancer cells
  • it can trigger the immune system to attack the cancer cells
  • and it can carry toxins to the cancer cells to kill them
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7
Q

what are the two types of monoclonal antibodies that can be used for cancer therapy?

A

naked nad conjugated monoclonal antibodies

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8
Q

what is a monoclonal antibody?

A

highly specified drugs that only recognize one antigenic determinant

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9
Q

what is the difference between naked and conjugated monoclonal antibodies?

A

naked monoclonal antibodies are just monoclonal antibodies that go to a site and block signals, conjugated monoclonal antibodies have things attached to it that do more than just block the site

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10
Q

that kind of drug is Herceptin and what does it do? what protein is it attracted to?

A

Herceptin is attracted to the HER2 protein that is highly expressed on the extracellular domain of breast cancer tumor cells. it binds to the extracellular domain of those cells and prevents the nutrients that help the cancer grow from getting to the cancerous cells. they also recruit cells which engulf and kill the cancer cell they are attached to.

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11
Q

what advantage does conjugated monoclonal antibodies have over naked monoclonal antibodies?

A

the conjugated monoclonal antibodies have less harmful effect of normal cells that express the same protein that the monoclonal antibody it attracted to because it releases a toxic substance that only effects cancerous cells. (for example, HER2 is on normal breast cells as well)

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12
Q

what are the two types of conjugated monoclonal antibodies? what is the difference

A

radiolabeled and chemolabeled monoclonal antibodies. one of them has a radioactive molecue in it and the other has chemo drug in it

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13
Q

what is zevalin? what protein is it attracted to and what does it do?

A

a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody that is attracted to CD20 which is highly expressed in B-lymphomas and non-hodgekins lymphoma. it binds to the cell and then releases the Y90 rasdioactive component

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14
Q

what is the bistander effect is regards to cancer treatment

A

when a tumor cell dies it releases unique antigens that causes the immune system kill kill the cells near by as well, so healthy cells will die too

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15
Q

what is Adcetris? what protein and caner does it target and how does it work?

A

a chemolabeled monoclonal antibody that is targeted to the protein CD30 and holds the chemo drug MMAE. this is used highly in hodgkins lymphoma

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16
Q

what is the 2 drawbacks of chemolabeled monoclonal antibodies?

A

if there is no cancer at the site, then the monoclonal will be killing healthy cells when it gets there. the second drawback is that sometimes the weak link between the chemo and the monoclonal antibody can break off prematurely which will allow the chemo to reek havoc on other parts of the body where it was never supposed to go

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17
Q

what is ADEPT? how does it work?

A

antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. this is a new drug development that is not on the market and is still in clinical trial. basically a monoclonal antibody with an enzyme attached to it is injected into the patient and then 72 hours later there is a prodrug sent into the body that can only be activated by that enzyme. once the prodrug gets to the site it is activated and can attack the cancer cells

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18
Q

what drugs are good candidates for ADEPT therapy?

A

small drugs that can diffuse through tissues easily

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19
Q

what is the bystander effect in regards to ADEPT therapy?

A

this drug could accidentally kill healthy cells instead of the cancer that is killing the patient

20
Q

what is targeted immunotherapy?

A

this is targeted therapy that uses the patient’s own immune system to fight the cancer

21
Q

what is non-specific immunotherapy?

A

therapy that indices the patients whole immune system response in the body

22
Q

what is specific immunotherapy and what are the two types?

A

cancer vaccines and virotherapy

23
Q

what are the four types of targeted immunotherapy?

A

non-specific, specific, T-cell transfer therapy, and Immune checkpoint inhibitors

24
Q

what are cancer vaccines?

A

antigen presenting cells (dendritic) cells from the patient are taken and exposed to a cancer antigen outside of the body. these antigen presenting cells are then put back into the patient and present the antigen tot he lymphocytes. now the lymphocytes know how to fight the cancer invader and they fight the cancer based upon the antigen they are exposed to

25
Q

what is virotherapy?

A

this is cancer therapy that uses viruses that can only harm cancer cells, not normal cells. The virus invades both but is only a problem in cancerous cell types. It then causes the cell to rupture once it replicated and release GMCSF. the dendritic cells take the GMCSF and present it to the lymphocytic immune cells which then identifies the cancer and knows how to destroy it

26
Q

What is provenge?

A

a type of cancer vaccine used to fight prostate cancer

27
Q

what is CAR-T cell therapy and how does it work

A

a type of immunotherapy that uses the patient’s T-cells to fight the cancer. the t cells are taken from the patient use a virus containing a special gene sequence is injected into the t-cells. now the t cells are put back into the patient and they kill the cancer cells that express the antigen that they are programmed to fight

28
Q

How is the antigen put into the T cells in CAR-T therapy

A

a viral vector is used with a gene that codes for a specific antigen

29
Q

how do immunocheckpoint inhibitors work?

A

immune cells are constantly floating around the body. to keep it from attacking our own cells, we have blocking checkpoints which keep it from activating. cancer cells take advantage of this and develop them so the immune system will not fight them. we not have developed monoclonal antibodies that will go to these sites and block the immune checkpoints at the cancer sites so it will activate and kill the cell

30
Q

what is keytruda and what does it target?

A

it is an immune checkpoint blocker that targets PDL-1 protein

31
Q

what is gene therapy? and what is to goal?

A

this is the fixing f a defective gene by inserting a functional gene or genes using a vector. this is important because changing the gene changes the protein that is expressed. the goal here is to treat, cure, and prevent diseases by changing the expression of a person’s genes by giving them that missing protein

32
Q

what are the two components of gene therapy

A

the therapeutic gene and the gene delivery system (aka the vector)

33
Q

does the vector for gene therapy have to be viral?

A

no, it can be viral or non-viral

34
Q

has gene therapy been very successful?

A

no, because not only does the vector have to get the the right gene, it has to get into the nucleus and attach at the right spot so the gene is expressed. there are so many moving parts that the odds of all of this going right is very low

35
Q

what are the three delivery carrier strategies?

A

vectors, liposomes, and nanoparticles (all ways of targeted therapy getting done)

36
Q

when are viral vectors usually used?

A

for gene therapy

37
Q

what are examples of viral vectors and which one is the most common?

A
  • retroviruses (the most common)
  • AAVs
  • parvoviruses
  • herpesviruses
  • poxviruses
38
Q

what is an example of a retrovirus?

A

lentivirus

39
Q

why are viral vectors easy to use? what must we make sure they are capable of before we use them?

A

they have natural biological mechanisms that allow them to invade host cells easily and incorporate their DNA. we must make sure they only have lysis properties in cancerous DNA cells

40
Q

what problems can using viral vectors cause?

A
  • toxicity
  • immune and inflammatory responses
  • gene control and tissue targeting issues
41
Q

what two vectors are commonly used besides viruses?

A

limposome complexes and polymer DNA carriers

42
Q

what are advantages to using liposomes for vectors?

A

they change the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs, reduce off-target toxicity, and improve a drugs therapeutic index

43
Q

can liposomes release drug without interacting with cells?

A

no, they have to interact with the cells first to release the drug

44
Q

what are 4 ways liposome interaction may occur?

A
  • endocytosis
  • adsorption
  • fusion
  • lipid exchange
45
Q

what is Doxil?

A

a chemo drug that has a PEGylated liposome carrier

46
Q

how are nanoparticles different than liposomes?

A

liposomes are made of lipids and nanoparticles are made of polymers

pharmaceutics quiz 6 (3 decks)

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