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Land Navigation > TAR 713 Land Navigation Techniques > Flashcards

TAR 713 Land Navigation Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Dead Reckoning

A

The process of following an established azimuth for a specified distance

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2
Q

Dead Reckoning Steps

A
  1. Locate the starting point of each leg
  2. Use resection, intersection, and attack points
  3. On your map, determine azimuth from starting point to finish point, then convert the grid azimuth to a magnetic azimuth
  4. Determine the horizontal distance to that point on your map and convert it to a pace count
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3
Q

Resection

A

The method of locating one’s position on a map by determining the grid azimuth to at least two well defined locations that can be pinpointed

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4
Q

Resection: Map and Compass Steps

A
  1. Orient the map using the compass
  2. Identify two or three known distance locations on the ground and Mark them on the map
  3. Measure the magnetic azimuths
  4. Convert to grid azimuths
  5. Use a protractor to draw back azimuth lines

The intersection is your location

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5
Q

Magnetic Azimuth

A

The arc between the point on the horizon and the direction of magnetic north

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6
Q

Grid Azimuth

A

The angle between grid north and a line drawn on a map

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7
Q

True North

A

North according to earth’s axis, not magnetic north

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8
Q

GM Angle

A

The angular distance between grid north and magnetic north

  • Expressed to nearest 1/2 degree
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9
Q

Declination

A

The difference between the three types of north

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10
Q

Magnetic North

A

North as determined by earth’s magnetic field

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11
Q

Grid North

A

North as determined on a flat map

  • Parallel lines that do not converge
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12
Q

Convert Grid to Magnetic

A
  • Add if westerly
  • Subtract if easterly
  • LARS (Left Add, Right Subtract)
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13
Q

Convert Magnetic to Grid

A
  • Subtract if westerly
  • Add if easterly
  • RALS (Right Add Left Subtract)
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14
Q

LARS

A

Left Add, Right Subtract

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15
Q

Attack Point

A

An easily identifiable and recognizable feature on the map and on the ground

  • Preferably 300m or less from your objective
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16
Q

Steering Mark

A

A well defined object on the ground in the direction of travel toward which the navigator must steer

17
Q

Deliberate Offset

A

A process of intentionally offsetting to a particular direction when your objective is located on a linear feature

  • One degree offset equals 17m for every 1,000m traveled
18
Q

Number of MILS in Compass

A

6,400

19
Q

RALS

A

Move right add, move left subtract

20
Q

RALS Rule

A
  • Used to bypass obstacles or enemy positions by detouring around them and still staying oriented to them by moving at right angles for specified distances
  • At night, hold compass and turn until center of the E or W is under the luminous light
21
Q

Collecting Features

A
  • Features you plan to cross at any particular leg of a course
  • Checkpoints to your objective
  • Ideally 3+ per leg
  • Check azimuths as you cross
22
Q

Limiting/Stopping Feature

A
  • A feature, preferably linear, beyond the objective

- Indicates you’ve traveled too far

23
Q

Drift

A

The tendency to veer from the planned path

24
Q

Factors that Affect Drift

A
  • Terrain
  • Obstacles
  • Error in holding compass
  • Compass error
25
Q

Terrain Association

A

The process of using terrain features to guide the navigator to the objective

26
Q

Terrain Association Steps

A
  1. Locate your starting point and finish point
  2. Identify all terrain features between the two points
  3. Move to finish point by reading the ground along the direction of movement
27
Q

Keys to Terrain Association

A
  • Use contour lines
  • Match terrain to map by examination
  • Compare the vegetation on map
  • Adjust for terrain masking by vegetation
  • Use hydrography
  • Use man made features
28
Q

Combo Land Nav Steps

A
  1. Determine start point and objective
  2. ID a prominent terrain feature <300m from objective as attack point
  3. Determine magnetic azimuth and pace count to objective
  4. Determine route to attack point
  5. ID collecting features and collect as you move
  6. ID limiting feature
  7. Move to objective using steering marks
    - Continually check azimuth and pace count
29
Q

Field Expedient Methods

A
  • Shadow Tip Method
  • North Star
  • Southern Cross
30
Q

Shadow Tip Method

A
  • Used when compass not available
  1. Place stick vertically in level ground with a distinct shadow.
    - Mark shadow tip with a stone
    - First mark is always the west direction
  2. Wait 10-15 minutes for shadow to move
    - Mark the new shadow tip position
  3. Draw a straight line through the two marks made on the shadow tips
    - This is the east-west line
  4. Stand with the first mark to your left and the second to your right
    - First mark is east, second is west
31
Q

North Star

A
  • Polaris
  • Five finger widths up from the two end stars in Big Dipper (Ursa Major) bowl
  • Also the end of the tail of Little Dipper (Ursa Minor)
32
Q

Southern Cross

A
  • Only visible in the Southern Hemisphere
  • Four finger widths from bottom star marks due south
  • Shown on Australian flag and Raider emblem
33
Q

Searching Techniques

A
  • Circle Search
  • Box Search
  • No more than 25 meters
34
Q

Intersection

A

Shooting an azimuth at one point from two known locations, then determining location by their intersection on the map

35
Q

Back Azimuth

A
  • Plus (<180) or minus (>180) 180 degrees, 3200 mils from original azimuth
  • Can help determine how far off course you are
36
Q

Using a Back Azimuth

A
  • When you lose sight of the objective, but not the known starting point
  • Backsight to starting point, then calculate back azimuth to current position
  • The difference between original azimuth and back azimuth is how off course you are

Land Navigation (2 decks)

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