Talley

Question 1

Causes of clubbing

Answer 1

Cardiac: IE, cyanotic heart ds
Pulmonary: Lung CA, abscess, empyema, IPF, bronchiectasis

Non cardiac: pregnancy,

Question 2

Postural hypotension (HANDI)

Answer 2

Hypovolumia
Addison
Neuropathic
Drugs (TCA, Diuretics, VD)
Idiopathic

Question 3

Raised JVP (causes of RV filing impair)

Answer 3

• RVF
• constrictive pericarditis
• cardiac tamponade
• tricuspid R/S
• SVC obstructions
• Fluid overload
• hyperdynamic circ

Question 4

Non palpable apex beat

Answer 4

• shock
• death
• dexteocardia
• emphysema
• pericardial effusion

Question 5

SOB respi causes

Answer 5

• Neonates (RDS, TTN, MAS, pneumonia, PPHN, lung hypoplasia)
• Infant/Toddler
  Asthma, Pneumonia, Bronchiolitis, Croup, BPD, Laryngimalacia
• School child
  Asthma, pneumonia, FB

Question 6

SOB (insidious onset)

• Cardiac
• CNS
• hemato
• infx
• metabolic

Answer 6

• CCF, myocarditis, confenital HD
• deprssed respi centre: raised ICP/ GBS/ poliomyelitis
• anemia
• spsis
• DKA, ARF

Question 7

Causes of hematuria

Non Glomerular causes

Answer 7

• Vascular: sickle cell da, bleeding disorder, renal vein thrombosis
• Infection: UTI
• Trauma, stone
• Metabolic: hypercalciuria
• Neoplasm (tumour)

Question 8

Hematuria (glomerular causes)

Answer 8

AGN/ chronic
IgA nephropathy
Alport syndrome

Question 9

Cyanosis

Answer 9

• Respi: smoke, asthma, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract obstruction, RDS
• CVS: Cyanotic HD, pulmonary embolism due to hypercoagulable state, pulm edema, shock
• Cold exposure, acryocyanosis, methHaemoglobinemia, polycythemia, neonatal hypoglycemia

Question 10

Maculopapular rash

Answer 10

• Measles
• Rubella
• ## Roseola infantum

Question 11

Vescicle/Pustule

Answer 11

• chicken pox
• shingles
• HFMD
• scabies

Question 12

Petichiae/purpura/ecchymoses

Answer 12

• HSP

-

Question 13

Hydrocephalus

Answer 13

Congenital

• Aqueductal stenosis
• Intrauterine infection
• CNS- Dandy walker syndrome, Arnold chiari malformation
• Tumour of choroid plexus

Acquired

• Post infections: meningitis
• Cns tumour
• IVH

Question 14

Generalized LAD

Answer 14

1. Infection (viral: cmv, ebv, hiv, hep C) (bacteria: Tb,
2. Neoplasm (Lymphoma, leukemia,
3. Metabolic (Gaucher ds, Niemann pick)
4. Others (Kawasaki

Question 15

Abdominal mass in children

Answer 15

• Neoplsm: Neuroblastoma, Wilms tumour, lymphoma, leukemia, liver adenoma
• Endocrine: pheochromocytoma
• GIT: Intussuception, IO, Hitsprong ds
• Renal: PCKD

Question 16

Chronic diarrhea

>14 days

Answer 16

1. Dietary induced (lactose, sucrose, cows milk allergy)
2. Enteric infection
   bacteria: ecoli, salmonella, shigella
   Virus: CMV, HIV, Rotavirus
   Parasite: giardiasis, amoebiasis
3. Immune mediated
   - UC, Crohn
   - enteropathy
   - Celiac
4. Congenital (microvillus atrophy, cong disaccharide deficiency
5. Functional diarrhea
6. Tumour (neuroendocrine)
   7 Laxatives

Question 17

Dysentery

Answer 17

Ecoli
Shigella
Salmonella 
Campylobacter
Entamoeba histolytica
IBD

Question 18

Seizure

Answer 18

Perinatal (HIE, Torch, Hx, Trauma)
Infx: meningoencephalitis, brain abscess
Metabolic: DM, hypoglycemia, hypoNa, Ca, Mg, HyperNa
Systemic: SLE, vasculitis, hpt, hepatic/renal enceph
Others: trauma, fever, idiopathic, benign