Takeoff Flashcards
What does TOGA stand for in aviation?
Maximum thrust certified for takeoff
TOGA stands for ‘Takeoff/Go Around’ thrust.
What is the maximum duration TOGA thrust can be used with all engines operative?
5 minutes
This limitation is to prevent engine overheating and ensure safety.
What is the maximum duration TOGA thrust can be used with one engine out?
10 minutes
This extended time allows for safe operation in case of engine failure.
Under what conditions must the flight crew use TOGA thrust for takeoff?
At least one of the following conditions applies:
- Maximum power is required
- Performance reasons
- Flexible takeoff and derated takeoff are not permitted
These conditions ensure that the aircraft can perform safely during critical phases of flight.
What is the goal of takeoff performance optimization?
To obtain the maximum performance limited takeoff weight (MTOW (perf)) and the optimum takeoff thrust for a given weight.
MTOW refers to the maximum weight at which an aircraft is allowed to take off.
What factors are considered in takeoff performance optimization?
Parameters that affect takeoff performance, including:
- Given runway
- Associated obstacles
- Flaps setting
- Prevailing outside conditions (temperature, wind, and QNH)
- Aircraft status
QNH is the atmospheric pressure at sea level.
What does the takeoff performance optimization process optimize?
Parameters for which there is a possible range of values or settings.
This includes adjusting flaps, thrust settings, and other operational parameters.
What application is used in the takeoff performance optimization process?
The takeoff performance (T.O PERF) application.
This application assists in calculating and optimizing takeoff performance based on various input parameters.
True or False: Takeoff performance optimization is only concerned with the aircraft’s weight.
False
It also considers runway conditions, obstacles, flaps settings, and environmental factors.
What are the takeoff performance parameters?
- The characteristics of the runway (declared lengths TORA, TODA, ASDA, elevation, slope, and obstacles)
- Regulatory requirements
- The line up distances as applicable
- Outside conditions (OAT, Wind, QNH, Runway condition)
- Aircraft configuration (Aerodynamic configuration, Air conditioning setting, Anti-ice selection, Thrust setting)
- Aircraft status (MEL and CDL)
- Takeoff speeds (V1/R/2)
What does TORA stand for?
Takeoff Run Available
What is the maximum tailwind limit during takeoff?
Limited to a certified value 10 or 15 kt depending or MSN and operations (e.g. automatic landing)
Is there a maximum certified value for headwind during takeoff?
No, but headwind higher than 40 kt results in no additional performance credit.
How is the computation for takeoff performance based on wind conditions?
150% of the entered tailwind and 50% of the entered headwind.
What maximum crosswind component is associated with each runway condition during takeoff?
A maximum crosswind component. Refer to RCAM.
What should the flight crew apply during the takeoff procedure with tailwind?
A different thrust setting technique.
What are the takeoff speeds?
V1, VR, V2.
What can be optimized during takeoff performance?
Aerodynamic configuration, air conditioning, thrust setting, and takeoff speeds.
Thrust settings include TOGA, FLEX, and derate levels.
Which takeoff speed optimization has the largest effect on the gain of takeoff weight?
Takeoff speeds optimization.
What is the V1/VR ratio range for optimization?
0.84 to 1.0
What is the V2/VS1G ratio range for optimization?
1.13 to 1.4
What are the outside conditions that affect takeoff performance?
OAT and wind.
What does MEL stand for in aircraft status?
Minimum Equipment List
What does CDL stand for in aircraft status?
Configuration Deviation List
True or False: The flight crew does not need to consider crosswind limitations during takeoff.
False
What is the actual takeoff weight of an aircraft often compared to?
The maximum regulatory takeoff weight
What can be achieved by taking off at a thrust less than the maximum takeoff thrust?
Increases engine life, improves engine reliability, and reduces maintenance costs
What are the two categories of takeoff at reduced thrust?
- Flexible takeoff
- Derated takeoff
What is the flexible temperature concept in aviation?
A method referred to as flexible takeoff
What does derated takeoff refer to?
The use of a fixed derated thrust level
True or False: The actual takeoff weight is usually higher than the maximum regulatory takeoff weight.
False
Fill in the blank: Taking off at a thrust less than the maximum takeoff thrust allows for __________.
increased engine life
What is the flexible takeoff thrust?
A reduced thrust used when the actual takeoff weight is lower than the maximum performance limited takeoff weight
This method allows compliance with regulatory requirements while optimizing engine performance.
What is the operation called when using flexible takeoff thrust?
FLEX takeoff
FLEX takeoff is used to optimize performance under specific weight conditions.
What is the FLEX takeoff principle based on?
The FLEX takeoff principle is based on the change in maximum available thrust with OAT.
What does the maximum performance limited takeoff weight depend on?
The maximum performance limited takeoff weight depends on the maximum available takeoff thrust.
What can be determined from the maximum available takeoff thrust?
It is possible to determine a temperature at which the actual takeoff weight would be limited by performance.
What is the temperature referred to when the actual takeoff weight is limited by performance?
This temperature is referred to as TFLEX (Flex Temperature).
What is a FLEX takeoff?
Takeoff at reduced thrust, allowed if performance requirements are met.
What are the conditions for a FLEX takeoff?
Airplane must meet all performance requirements at takeoff weight with engines at thrust available for TFLEX.
What is TFLEX in the context of takeoff?
The flexible temperature for takeoff thrust settings.
What is the maximum limit for TFLEX?
TFLEX cannot be higher than TMAXFLEX.
What is the minimum limit for TFLEX?
TFLEX cannot be lower than TREF.
If TFLEX is higher than TMAXFLEX, is the takeoff allowed?
No, it is not allowed.
If TFLEX is lower than TREF, is the takeoff allowed?
No, it is not allowed.
Where can you find more information on TMAXFLEX?
Refer to LIM-ENG Flex Takeoff.
Is FLEX takeoff permitted on contaminated runways?
No
What should operators check regarding maximum thrust (TOGA)?
Operators should check by:
* Performing full-rated takeoffs at regular intervals
* Maintaining an adequate engine monitoring program
What is the purpose of performing full-rated takeoffs at regular intervals?
To detect a reduced EGT margin
What does MEL stand for?
Minimum Equipment List
What does CDL stand for?
Configuration Deviation List
Fill in the blank: FLEX takeoff is not permitted on _______.
contaminated runways
True or False: Some items listed in the MEL and CDL do not allow for a flexible takeoff.
True
What is the function of an adequate engine monitoring program?
To follow-up on the engine parameters
