Take-Off and Landing Performance Flashcards
Performance group for most light aircraft in the UK?
Group E
What safety factor should be applied to take-off according to the CAA?
1.33
What safety factor should be applied to landing according to the CAA?
1.43
1.33 safety factor is for?
Take-offs
1.43 safety factor is for?
Landings
What term is given for a mandatory limitation placed by the CAA on an aircraft’s performance data?
Performance writedown
What is the TOSS?
Takeoff Safety Speed
TOSS is otherwise known as?
V2
What does the measured takeoff distance measure?
Starting point to screen height of 50 feet at V2 or greater
Measured takeoff distance ends at what height?
50 feet
What does the TOSS denote?
20% margin over the stall
What is greater? Ground-run or take-off distance?
Take-off distance
How do flaps affect a ground run?
Decrease it (with lower level of flaps)
How do flaps affect take-off distance?
Does not reduce it as significantly as ground run due to reduced climb performance
How does increased weight increase take-off distance (in two components)?
Weight increases ground run (slower acceleration)
Weight worsens climb performance
How is friction involved in weight and ground run?
Greater weight means the frictional forces are increased and resist acceleration
Take-off factor: weight
1.2
10% increase in weight means _% increase of take-off distance?
20%
What two factors decrease air density?
Lower air pressure
Higher temperatur
On take-off, how will rotation speed based in IAS on ASI change with density altitude?
It will not change as IAS is a function of dynamic pressure
Factor to remember for density altitude and temperature increase for take-off distances?
1.1
A 1000ft increase in pressure altitude will affect take-off distance how?
Increase it by 10%
A 10 degrees increase in air temp will affect take-off distance how?
Increase it by 10%
How does headwind affect take-off distance?
It reduces it
How does tailwind affect take-off distance?
It increases it
Tailwind take-off distance factor
1.2
A tailwind increase of 10% will increase take-off distance by how much?
20%
Ideal tailwind limit?
5 knots
How does a tailwind affect ground run?
Acceleration is reduced due to drag increase from crosswind deflections
Impact of short, dry grass on take-off distance?
Increase of 20%
Impact of long, dry grass on take-off distance?
Increase of 25%
Impact of long, wet grass on take-off distance?
Increase of 30%
How does runway surface affect ground run?
The poorer the runway surface, the greater the ground run
If grass is greater than ____ (length) then takeoff should not be attempted
10 inches
A take-off distance increase of 20% due to runway surface means the runway surface is…?
Short, dry grass
A take-off distance increase of 25% due to runway surface means the runway surface is…?
Long, dry grass
A take-off distance increase of 30% due to runway surface means the runway surface is…?
Long, wet grass
How does runway slope affect take-off distance?
An upslope will increase take-off distance
What are WAT limits?
Take-off/landing weights that should not be exceeded at specific combinations of altitude and temperature
When WAT limits are not given, what climb rate is expected as a minimum?
500 ft/min
What runway distance corresponds to the physical length of the runway?
TORA
What term is given to the obstacle-free zone at the end of a runway?
Clearway
TORA + clearway =
TODA
TODA should not exceed TORA by how much?
1.5
How do TORA and TODA differ?
TORA is for ground-run
TODA is for take-off distance
A rejected take-off is otherwise known as what?
Accelerated stop
What is the emergency distance?
TORA + stopway
How do stopways and clearways differ?
Stopways must be physical
Clearways can be ground or water
Published TORA, TODA, LDA, ED and ASDA are known as what?
Declared distances
Measured Landing Distance starts and stops when?
50ft over the runway at >1.3 V-Stall to a full-stop
Landing Distance involves what configuration and landing?
Full-flap, no-power approach and maximum braking
1.3 V-Stall provides what safety margin for speed in landing?
30% safety margin
How does weight affect landing distance?
The greater the weight, the greater the landing distance
How does weight affect landing distance in two ways?
Stalling speed is increased so landing speed is increases
Higher weight means brakes must work harder to absorb greater kinetic energy
Landing weight factor
1.1
An increase of 10% in aircraft weight affects landing distance how?
Increase of 10%
How does density altitude affect landing distance?
The greater the density altitude, the greater the landing distance
In what way does density altitude increase landing distance?
Greater density altitude means a greater approach TAS
Density altitude landing factor
1.05
A 1000ft density altitude increase or 10 degrees celsius increase has what effect on landing distance?
5%
Why does a headwind reduce landing distance?
GS is reduced for the same TAS
Tailwind landing factor
1.2
A 10% tailwind increase will have what effect on landing speed?
20%
What may occur during landing on wet surfaces?
Aquaplaning
What happens to friction in aquaplaning?
Friction is zero
When is aquaplaning likely to occur?
Higher groundspeeds
How can aquaplaning be prevented if landing on a wet runway?
Landing into-wind so groundspeed is kept to a minimum
How does a downslope affect landing distance?
It will increase landing distance
Downslope landing distance factor
1.1
A 2% downhill slope will have what effect on landing distance?
Increase it by 10%
How should multiple landing factors be dealt with?
They are cumulative so should be multiplied
How to calculate runway slope?
Altitude difference from each end/runway length
