TAD Test 1 Flashcards
Which of the following best describes the term validity?
The strength of our conclusions, inferences or propositions
True or False. A threat to validity, by definition is, any factor that influences the results of the experiment (How sure can you be that A+B=C? Is there some other variable causing the effect)?
True
What are the two types of validity?
Internal and External
When we are trying to make a link between the interventions or programs examined and the outcomes observed (One thing leading to another), this is known as?
Internal validity
True or False. Internal Validity asks if there is a relationship between the program and the outcome we saw, is it a causal relationship?
True
The ability to generalize the results of our study to other settings (Will the results be the same in other settings, times and conditions), is known as?
External validity
When an experiment compares an experimental group with a control group, but the subjects of the study are not randomly assigned to the categories, this is known as?
QE1
Which of the following are true for comparison between the experimental group and a control group, when the subjects of the study are not randomly assigned to the categories?
Outcome can be due to some preexisting difference between experiment and control
A long series of observations made before the treatment and another long series of observations made after the treatment (Ox…Ox…Ox..Ox..Ox..Ox..Ti…Ox..Ox..Ox..Ox..), is known as?
QE-2
True or False. Under QE-2, trends established before treatment allows researcher to predict what might have happened without the intervention?
True
True or False. Under QE-2, confounding factors not accounted for may explain the change?
True
A ______ combines the use of control groups with time series data?
QE-3
Which of the following models is known to be the strongest?
QE-3
Which of the following groups generally conducts police research?
Professional researchers (University folks, Not for profit think tanks, and NGO’s)
When people want to be correct in their ideas of the world and pay the most attention to evidence that supports their ideas, while paying little attention to evidence that doesn’t support their ideas, this is known as?
Confirmation bias
A model or framework for observation and understanding, which shapes both what we see and how we understand it is known as?
Paradigm
Who is known for the study of paradigms?
Thomas Kuhn
True or False. Paradigms are fundamental frames of reference?
True
Discoveries are rear because __________?
Our expectations cloud our vision.
Failure to see beyond one’s basic assumptions about how things operate in a field is known as?
Blindspots
True or False. According to Joel Barker, all of the following are observations about paradigms?
*Paradigms are common (The apply to all areas of our lives)
*Paradigms are useful (They show us what is important)
*A warning: Sometimes paradigms become the paradigm- the only way to do something (New ideas are rejected out of hand. Baker calls this Paradigm paralysis)
*The people who create new paradigms are usually outsiders
*The paradigm pioneers must be courageous
*You can choose to change paradigms – to see the world anew.
True
What is the normal process of scientific revolutions?
Normal Science, Model Drift, Model Crisis, Model Revolution, Paradigm Change.
What is mobilization?
The process by which the legal system acquires its cases.
True or False. The mobilization of law is the link between the law and the people serve/ controlled by the law.
True
True or False. Mobilization is the process by which a legal system acquires its cases?
True
The Law is _______?
Governmental social control
What are the types of mobilization of the law?
Reactive and Proactive
When a citizen sets the legal process into motion (Call for Service), this is known as _______ mobilization?
Reactive
When the state initiates legal action upon its own authority, this is known as ___________ mobilization?
Proactive
The Structure of mobilization impacts upon _____
A. Legal intelligence
B. The availability of law
C. The organization of discretion
D. Legal change
ALL OF THESE
True or False. The knowledge a legal system has about law violations in a jurisdiction is known as legal intelligence?
True
True or False. Under “Legal Intelligence”, the reactive system places responsibility on the citizens (So what they can’t see or ignore we are blind to and any naïveté or ignorance is absorbed in the reactive system)
What they can’t see or ignore we are blind to.
True or False. Under the reactive system in Legal Intelligence, since any naiveté or ignorance is absorbed in this system, there is a need for the proactive for certain types of crimes (Morals control)?
True
Under Legal Intelligence, for the reactive system case basis tends to _______so there is a need to collect data and look for patterns.
Hide patterns and trends
True or False. Under “Legal Intelligence”, prevention is strong in the reactive system.
False
True or False. The availability of law is access of the legal system to cases, but not the access of citizens to the law?
False
The reactive system is the ________ model of the law?
Entrepreneurial model of law
True or False. Under the concept of the availability of law, for the reactive system, each citizen will voluntarily and rationally pursue his or her own interests (Market Economy)?
True
Under the availability of law, the proactive system is more of a ________model?
Social welfare
The legal good of the citizenry being defined and imposed by the government administrators (with the aid of interest groups) is the _______system under the availability of law?
Proactive
A norm that discourages mobilization of social control against status equals is known as _____?
Anti mobilization norms
True or False. Anti mobilization norms have a larger impact in a reactive system?
True
True or False. Whether a system is reactive or proactive does determine if there is any possible discrimination?
False
The nature of mobilization shapes/ structures _____ the possible discrimination may come from?
Where
A ________ system allows average citizens to invoke the law according to their own prejudices?
Reactive
A _______system allows state actors to invoke the law according to their own prejudices?
Proactive
True or False. The law is dynamic?
True
What is one of the things that can change the law?
A moral change in the population
A ______ system is not as easily adaptable to changes in citizen morality?
Proactive
A _____ system absorbs every change that comes about in the population?
Reactive
True or False. Changes in reactive mobilization change the police in-puts?
True
True or False. Another way the law can change is by planned action?
True
A ____ system may be harder to change in planned fashion because it is resistant to centrally directive change?
Reactive
A _____ system is a more willing instrument of planned change for it is under the authority of the planners themselves?
Proactive
True or False. Citizens unknowingly engage in selective law enforcement?
True
Under Measuring What Matters, what are the five domains listed by Langworthy?
A. Impact Domain – How might intended police effects on the environment be measured
B. Process Domain – How might police know if they are doing their work as they should?
C. Community Assessment Domain – How might public assessment of police performance be monitored.
D. Organizational Health: How might police department know if their employees are satisfied with their work?
E. Community Context: How might police organizations monitor changes in the work environment that impede or promote their ability to achieve organizational goals.
ALL OF THESE
What are the traditional measures according to Blumstein?
Crime rate and Arrest
According to Blumstein, what are the new measures in police work?
Fear of crime, Citizen Cooperation, and Sense of disorder/disorder level.
True or False. Under Bratton, a new type of PD emerged with the idea of expectations and goals mattering?
True
Bratton sought to impact crime with the following?
A. Better management
B. Higher expectations
C. Better strategies (Numbers vs. Activities)
ALL OF THESE
True or False. Kelling focused on public confidence matters, information, and mobilization?
True
Kelling noted which of the following?
Acts that do not result in arrest or documentation often are not counted but may be very good for PD and community.
During the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, how many beats were selected?
15 (Five groups of 3)
During the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, how were the “beats” matched?
A. On crime data
B. Calls for service
C. Ethnic composition
D. Median income
E. Transiency
ALL OF THESE
What were the measures during the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment?
A. Reported crime
B. Arrests
C. Business surveys
D. Victimization
E. Encounter surveys
F. Participant observe data
G. Traffic data
H. Response time survey
ALL OF THESE
During the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, what were the types of patrol?
Reactive, Proactive, and control
During the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, what was one statistically signification difference among the 51 comparison drawn between reactive, control, and proactive, concerning reported crime?
Other sex crimes-molestation and exhibition – where not all that treatable by patrol.
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment found, concerning victimization, that?
No statistically signification difference in crime in any of the 69 comparisons made between reactive, control, and proactive beats.
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment found, concerning citizen fear of crime, that?
Citizen fear of crime was not significantly affected by the change in level of RPP. (5 out of 60 comparison -4 reactive and 1 proactive)
True or False. During the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, measures taken by citizens against victimization where not significantly affected by variations in the level of routine policing?
True
True or False. During the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, business protective measures showed a signification differences due to changes in the level of routine patrol?
False
True or False. Telephone surveys are good, because businesses like to reveal their security measures over the phone?
False
True or False. During the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, the Attitudes towards police by citizens and business were not significantly affected by changes in patrol levels?
True
True or False. During the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, traffic accidents were significantly affected by the changes in patrol levels?
False
Which of the following were the overall conclusions from the Kansas Preventive Patrol Experiment?
A. Decreasing/ increasing preventive patrol had no effect on Reported Crime, Victimization, Citizen Fear of Crime, Protective Measures, Attitudes toward police, and traffic accidents.
B. Not saying routine patrol has no value
C. Some slack in the system. Need some, but 2-3 times as much does not pay off.
D. Decreasing or increasing routine patrol within the range tested in this experiment had no effect on crime, citizen fear of crime, community attitudes toward police on deliver of police services, police response time, or traffic accidents.
ALL OF THESE
According to Levine, What is a possible explanation for the idea that when crime increases the popular produces is to add more police officer?
More police means someone is doing something about crime
True or False. Cities with fewer officers per capita have a fraction of the crime that cities with many more officers have?
True
Why do cities with fewer officers per capita have a fraction of the crime that cities with many more officers have?
A. Perhaps growth of police depends on high crime.
B. Perhaps more police are better at detecting more crime therefore higher crime rates by real base rate is unchanged.
Which of the following are the responses do police models receive?
A. Emotional Responses – Programs which “intuitively seem like they should work”, “common sense”.
B. Political Responses – Programs implemented as a political mandate, usually in response to a high profile problem.
C. Affective Responses – Programs based on tested research with respect to either “cause and effect” or “correlations”
ALL OF THESE
In the Patrol Staffing study in San Diego (One or Two Officer Units) what were the findings for unit performance?
One officer units were more likely to result in arrest and formal report that two officer units.
In the Patrol Staffing study in San Diego (One or Two Officer Units) what were the findings for Calls for service?
A. One officer units were efficient even with increased need for backup.
B. Two officer units were faster on servicing calls but not enough to make up for cost per min of two officers.
C. One officer units produced equivalent amounts of officer initiated activity.
ALL OF THESE
In the Patrol Staffing study in San Diego (One or Two Officer Units) what were the findings for Traffic Citations?
Two officer units wrote more traffic citations.
In the Patrol Staffing study in San Diego (One or Two Officer Units) what were the findings for Citizen Complaints?
One officer units had fewer complaints by citizens than two officer units
What are the problems with clearance rates as a measure, as described in The Criminal Investigation Process?
A. Difference in investigative training, staffing workload, and procedures
B. Clearance rate practices vary greatly
What is the problem with using clearance rates as a measure?
Clearance rates practices vary greatly
Almost _____ of all serious crimes receive no more than superficial attention from investigators (i.e., reviewing reports, documenting files, and attempting to locate and interview victims)
65 percent
_____ Percent of all part one crimes clearances are attributable to special techniques used by investigators?
2.7
True or False. In cases that are solved, an investigator spends more time in post clearance processing than in identifying the perpetrator?
True
Of cases ultimately cleared in which a perpetrator is not identified during the initial police incident report, almost all are cleared as a result of _____ procedures
Routine police
The single most important determinant of whether or not a case will be solved is the information the victim supplies to _____
The responding officer
What is the most import information leading to the arrests?
Eyewitness testimony
What are the three types of responses to police models?
Emotional, Political, and Affective
Programs which seem like they should work, “common sense” are known as?
Emotional responses
Programs implemented as profile problem, usually a “high profile problem” are?
Political responses
Programs based on tested research with respect to either “cause and affect” or “correlations” are ?
Affective responses
