Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > T6: Organic Chemistry I > Flashcards

T6: Organic Chemistry I Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made of hydrogen and carbon only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is meant by homologous series?

A

Compounds with the same functional group but different carbon chain length (family)

Carbon chain length refers to the same genral formula

e.g. alkanes, alkenes, alcohols etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a functional group?

A
  • the most reactive part of any compound
  • carries out all the reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

Compound that contains no C=C double bond

Positive result in Br water test: no change - remains orange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Compound that contains at least one C=C double bond

Positive result for Br water test: orange to colourless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is meant by molecular formula?

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is meant by empirical formula?

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is meant by displayed formula?

A

Shows how all the atoms are arranged, and all the bonds between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define but-

A
  • 4 carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the steps to naming compounds?

A
  • longest unbranched chain
  • the syllable after the root tells you whether there are any double bonds e.g. -ane , -ene
  • Duplication of any side groups - Di (2) , Tri (3)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define meth-

A
  • 1 carbon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is meant by skeletal formula?

A

Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only with any functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is meant by structural formula?

A

Shows the arrangement of carbon by carbon with attached hydrogens and functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define eth-

A
  • 2 carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define prop-

A
  • 3 carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define pent-

A
  • 5 carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define hex-

A
  • 6 carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define hept-

A
  • 7 carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define non-

A
  • 9 carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define dec-

A
  • 10 carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define oct-

A
  • 8 carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is addition?

A

Joining two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is polymerisation?

A

Joining together lots of simple molecules (monomer) to form a giant molecule (polymer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is elimination?

A

When a small group of atoms breaks away from a larger molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is substitution?

A

When one species is replaced by another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is hydrolysis?

A

Splitting a molecule into two new molecules by adding H+ and OH- derived from water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is oxidation?

A

Any reaction in which a species loses electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is reduction?

A

Any reaction in which a species gains electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a mechanism?

A
  • diagrams that break reactions down into individual stages to show how substances react together
  • a curly arrow - used to show how electron pairs move when bonds are made/broken
33
Q

What are the different types of mechanisms?

A
  • Radical substitution of halogens in alkanes -halogenalkanes
  • Electrophilic addition of halogens and hydrogen halides to alkenes - halogenalkanes
  • Nueclophilic substitution of primary halogenalkanes with aqueous potassium hydroxide - alcohols and with ammonia - amines
34
Q

What are nucleophiles?

A
  • electron pair donors (negatively charged ions)
  • like to react with positive ions
  • attracted to electron “poor

In terms of nucleophillic substitution:attracted to the Cδ+ atom in a polar carbon-halogen bondthe bond breaksnucleophile replaces halogen

35
Q

What are electrophiles?

A
  • electron pair acceptors (positively charged ions)
  • like to react withnegative ions
  • attracted to electron “rich” areas

In terms of electrophile addition:e.g. HBr (electrophile) - attracted to the C=C double bondpolarises HBr until it breaksmoldcule joins alkene

36
Q

What are radicals?

A
  • unpaired electrons
  • attack any molecule (negative/positive/neutral)
  • very reactive

In terms of free radical substitution:
* e.g. choline atoms produced when UV light splits a Cl two molecule

37
Q

What are structural isomers?

A
  • general (umbrella) term
  • the molecular formula is the same
  • the structural formula is different

Inlcudes: Chain isomers, Positional isomers & Functional group isomers

38
Q

What are chain isomers?

A
  • same molecular formula
  • carbon skeleton can be arranged differently
  • similar chemical properties
  • different physical properties
39
Q

What are positional isomers?

A
  • same molecular formula
  • skeleton and functional group could be the same
  • functional group is attached to different carbon atom
  • different physical properties
  • chemical properties may vary
40
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A
  • same molecular formula
  • same atoms arranged into different functional groups
  • very different physical & chemical properties
41
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

42
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

A
43
Q

What is bond fission?

A

*Breaking a covalent bond (a single covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons between two atoms)

44
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A
  • the bond breaks unevenly
  • one of the bonded atoms receives both electrons
  • a positive & negative cation can be formed
45
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A
  • the bond breaks evenly
  • each bonding atom receives one electron
  • two electrically uncharged radicals are formed
46
Q

What is the condition of photochemical reactions?

A

UV light

47
Q

What does the reaction of halogens and alkanes produce?

A

Halogenalkanes

48
Q

What is the reaction of alkanes and halogens also known as?

A

Free radical substitution reaction

49
Q

What are the three stages of a reaction mechanism?

A

1) Initiation - radicals are produced
2) Propagation - radicals are used and created
3) Termination - radicals are destroyed

50
Q

What are the initiation steps in a general free radical substitution reaction?

A
  • Initiation
    1) Cl - Cl bond is broken by UV light - photodissociation
    2) The bond evenly splits - homolytic fission, a *Cl radical is formed
51
Q

What are the propagation steps in a general free radical substitution reaction?

A
  • Propagation
    1) *Cl attacks (alkane) molecule
    2) The new alkyl radical attacks another Cl two molecule
    3) The new * Cl radical can continue to attack the alkane molecule until both are used up
52
Q

What are the termination steps in a general free radical substitution reaction?

A
  • Termination
    1) Free radicals join together to form a stable molecule
    2) Some products formed will be trace impurities in the final sample
53
Q

What can crude oil be referred as?

A

Petroleum

54
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of short and long chain alkanes

55
Q

What process is used to separate crude oil?

A

Fractional distillation

56
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A
57
Q

What is cracking used for?

A
  • to break heavy fractions to make smaller molecules - high demand (e.g. petrol and naphtha)
  • involves breaking the C-C bonds
58
Q

What are the two types of cracking?

A
  • Thermal cracking
  • Catalytic cracking
59
Q

How does thermal cracking work?

A
  • cracking using high temperatures (up to 1000°C) and pressures (up to 70atm)
  • produces lots of alkenes
  • valuable products/high demand
59
Q

How does thermal cracking work?

A
  • cracking using high temperatures (up to 1000°C) and pressures (up to 70atm)
  • produces lots of alkenes
  • valuable products can be made (polymers–>plastics)/high demand e.g petrol –> better fuel
60
Q

How does catalytic cracking work?

A
  • zeolite catalyst (hydrated aluminosilicate)
  • moderate temperatures & pressures
  • produces aromatic hydrocarbons and motor fuels
61
Q

Why is using a catalyst beneficial?

A
  • cuts costs as the reaction can be done at lower temperatures and pressures
  • speeds up the reaction - saving time
62
Q

What is knocking?

A

Alkanes explode of their own accord when the fuel/air mixture in the engine is compressed

63
Q

How can knocking be made less likely?

A

Adding branched chains and cyclic hydrocarbons to the fuel mixture

64
Q

What is meant by “reforming” ?

A

Converting straight-chain alkanes into branched chain alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons

65
Q

What catalysts can be used when reforming?

A

Platinum stuck on aluminium oxide (Pt)

66
Q

What can alkanes be used as?

A

Fuels

67
Q

What does the complete combustion of an alkane produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

68
Q

What does the incomplete combustion of an alkane produce?

A

Carbon monoxide, carbon and water

69
Q

What physical state is required for combustion?

A

Gas - liquid alkanes will need to be vaporised

70
Q

Why are smaller alkanes easier to burn

A

Smaller alkanes turn into gases more easily (more volatile) so they’ll burn more easily

71
Q

Why are alkanes good fuels?

A

They release a lot of energy when burnt

72
Q

What type of reaction is combustion?

A

Exothermic

73
Q

Give examples of alkanes used as fuels

A
  • Methane - central heating & cooking
  • Kerosene - jet fuel
74
Q

Give examples of fossil fuels

A
  • coal
  • oil
  • natural gas
75
Q

Wha are advantages of using fossil fuels?

A
  • easily accessible
  • cheaper
  • generates electricity for transport and heating
76
Q

What are the disadvantages using fossil fuels?

A
  • non-renewable
  • harmful emissions
77
Q

What harmful emissions might be produced through combustion?

A
  • Carbon Monoxide - toxic
  • Sulfur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen leas to acid rain
78
Q

What is the role of catalytic convertors?

A

They remove (some) pollutants from car emissions

Chemistry (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions