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Chemistry > T6: Organic Chemistry I > Flashcards

T6: Organic Chemistry I Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

What is meant by homologous series?

A

Compounds with the same functional group but different carbon chain length (family)

Carbon chain length refers to the same genral formula

e.g. alkanes, alkenes, alcohols etc.

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3
Q

What is a functional group?

A
  • the most reactive part of any compound
  • carries out all the reactions
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4
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

Compound that contains no C=C double bond

Positive result in Br water test: no change - remains orange

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5
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Compound that contains at least one C=C double bond

Positive result for Br water test: orange to colourless

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6
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A
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7
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A
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8
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A
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9
Q

What is meant by molecular formula?

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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10
Q

What is meant by empirical formula?

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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11
Q

What is meant by displayed formula?

A

Shows how all the atoms are arranged, and all the bonds between them

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12
Q

Define but-

A
  • 4 carbons
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13
Q

What are the steps to naming compounds?

A
  • longest unbranched chain
  • the syllable after the root tells you whether there are any double bonds e.g. -ane , -ene
  • Duplication of any side groups - Di (2) , Tri (3)
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14
Q

Define meth-

A
  • 1 carbon
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15
Q

What is meant by skeletal formula?

A

Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only with any functional groups

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16
Q

What is meant by structural formula?

A

Shows the arrangement of carbon by carbon with attached hydrogens and functional groups

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17
Q

Define eth-

A
  • 2 carbons
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18
Q

Define prop-

A
  • 3 carbons
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19
Q

Define pent-

A
  • 5 carbons
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20
Q

Define hex-

A
  • 6 carbons
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21
Q

Define hept-

A
  • 7 carbons
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22
Q

Define non-

A
  • 9 carbons
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23
Q

Define dec-

A
  • 10 carbons
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24
Q

Define oct-

A
  • 8 carbons
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25
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is addition?

A

Joining two or more molecules together to form a larger molecule

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26
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is polymerisation?

A

Joining together lots of simple molecules (monomer) to form a giant molecule (polymer)

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27
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is elimination?

A

When a small group of atoms breaks away from a larger molecule

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28
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is substitution?

A

When one species is replaced by another

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29
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is hydrolysis?

A

Splitting a molecule into two new molecules by adding H+ and OH- derived from water

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30
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is oxidation?

A

Any reaction in which a species loses electrons

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31
Q

In terms of organic reactions, what is reduction?

A

Any reaction in which a species gains electrons

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32
Q

What is a mechanism?

A
  • diagrams that break reactions down into individual stages to show how substances react together
  • a curly arrow - used to show how electron pairs move when bonds are made/broken
33
Q

What are the different types of mechanisms?

A
  • Radical substitution of halogens in alkanes -halogenalkanes
  • Electrophilic addition of halogens and hydrogen halides to alkenes - halogenalkanes
  • Nueclophilic substitution of primary halogenalkanes with aqueous potassium hydroxide - alcohols and with ammonia - amines
34
Q

What are nucleophiles?

A
  • electron pair donors (negatively charged ions)
  • like to react with positive ions
  • attracted to electron “poor

In terms of nucleophillic substitution:attracted to the Cδ+ atom in a polar carbon-halogen bondthe bond breaksnucleophile replaces halogen

35
Q

What are electrophiles?

A
  • electron pair acceptors (positively charged ions)
  • like to react withnegative ions
  • attracted to electron “rich” areas

In terms of electrophile addition:e.g. HBr (electrophile) - attracted to the C=C double bondpolarises HBr until it breaksmoldcule joins alkene

36
Q

What are radicals?

A
  • unpaired electrons
  • attack any molecule (negative/positive/neutral)
  • very reactive

In terms of free radical substitution:
* e.g. choline atoms produced when UV light splits a Cl two molecule

37
Q

What are structural isomers?

A
  • general (umbrella) term
  • the molecular formula is the same
  • the structural formula is different

Inlcudes: Chain isomers, Positional isomers & Functional group isomers

38
Q

What are chain isomers?

A
  • same molecular formula
  • carbon skeleton can be arranged differently
  • similar chemical properties
  • different physical properties
39
Q

What are positional isomers?

A
  • same molecular formula
  • skeleton and functional group could be the same
  • functional group is attached to different carbon atom
  • different physical properties
  • chemical properties may vary
40
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A
  • same molecular formula
  • same atoms arranged into different functional groups
  • very different physical & chemical properties
41
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

42
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

A
43
Q

What is bond fission?

A

*Breaking a covalent bond (a single covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons between two atoms)

44
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A
  • the bond breaks unevenly
  • one of the bonded atoms receives both electrons
  • a positive & negative cation can be formed
45
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A
  • the bond breaks evenly
  • each bonding atom receives one electron
  • two electrically uncharged radicals are formed
46
Q

What is the condition of photochemical reactions?

A

UV light

47
Q

What does the reaction of halogens and alkanes produce?

A

Halogenalkanes

48
Q

What is the reaction of alkanes and halogens also known as?

A

Free radical substitution reaction

49
Q

What are the three stages of a reaction mechanism?

A

1) Initiation - radicals are produced
2) Propagation - radicals are used and created
3) Termination - radicals are destroyed

50
Q

What are the initiation steps in a general free radical substitution reaction?

A
  • Initiation
    1) Cl - Cl bond is broken by UV light - photodissociation
    2) The bond evenly splits - homolytic fission, a *Cl radical is formed
51
Q

What are the propagation steps in a general free radical substitution reaction?

A
  • Propagation
    1) *Cl attacks (alkane) molecule
    2) The new alkyl radical attacks another Cl two molecule
    3) The new * Cl radical can continue to attack the alkane molecule until both are used up
52
Q

What are the termination steps in a general free radical substitution reaction?

A
  • Termination
    1) Free radicals join together to form a stable molecule
    2) Some products formed will be trace impurities in the final sample
53
Q

What can crude oil be referred as?

A

Petroleum

54
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of short and long chain alkanes

55
Q

What process is used to separate crude oil?

A

Fractional distillation

56
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A
57
Q

What is cracking used for?

A
  • to break heavy fractions to make smaller molecules - high demand (e.g. petrol and naphtha)
  • involves breaking the C-C bonds
58
Q

What are the two types of cracking?

A
  • Thermal cracking
  • Catalytic cracking
59
Q

How does thermal cracking work?

A
  • cracking using high temperatures (up to 1000°C) and pressures (up to 70atm)
  • produces lots of alkenes
  • valuable products/high demand
59
Q

How does thermal cracking work?

A
  • cracking using high temperatures (up to 1000°C) and pressures (up to 70atm)
  • produces lots of alkenes
  • valuable products can be made (polymers–>plastics)/high demand e.g petrol –> better fuel
60
Q

How does catalytic cracking work?

A
  • zeolite catalyst (hydrated aluminosilicate)
  • moderate temperatures & pressures
  • produces aromatic hydrocarbons and motor fuels
61
Q

Why is using a catalyst beneficial?

A
  • cuts costs as the reaction can be done at lower temperatures and pressures
  • speeds up the reaction - saving time
62
Q

What is knocking?

A

Alkanes explode of their own accord when the fuel/air mixture in the engine is compressed

63
Q

How can knocking be made less likely?

A

Adding branched chains and cyclic hydrocarbons to the fuel mixture

64
Q

What is meant by “reforming” ?

A

Converting straight-chain alkanes into branched chain alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons

65
Q

What catalysts can be used when reforming?

A

Platinum stuck on aluminium oxide (Pt)

66
Q

What can alkanes be used as?

A

Fuels

67
Q

What does the complete combustion of an alkane produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

68
Q

What does the incomplete combustion of an alkane produce?

A

Carbon monoxide, carbon and water

69
Q

What physical state is required for combustion?

A

Gas - liquid alkanes will need to be vaporised

70
Q

Why are smaller alkanes easier to burn

A

Smaller alkanes turn into gases more easily (more volatile) so they’ll burn more easily

71
Q

Why are alkanes good fuels?

A

They release a lot of energy when burnt

72
Q

What type of reaction is combustion?

A

Exothermic

73
Q

Give examples of alkanes used as fuels

A
  • Methane - central heating & cooking
  • Kerosene - jet fuel
74
Q

Give examples of fossil fuels

A
  • coal
  • oil
  • natural gas
75
Q

Wha are advantages of using fossil fuels?

A
  • easily accessible
  • cheaper
  • generates electricity for transport and heating
76
Q

What are the disadvantages using fossil fuels?

A
  • non-renewable
  • harmful emissions
77
Q

What harmful emissions might be produced through combustion?

A
  • Carbon Monoxide - toxic
  • Sulfur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen leas to acid rain
78
Q

What is the role of catalytic convertors?

A

They remove (some) pollutants from car emissions

Chemistry (20 decks)

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