T5: Tumour Classification Flashcards
What is the term given to glandular benign epithelia tumours?
Adenoma
What is the term given to non-glandular benign epithelia tumours?
Papilloma
What is the term give to describe malignant epithelial tumours?
Carcinomas
What is an adenocarcinoma?
A glandular malignant tumour
What is a carcinoma “in-situ?”
When tumour start of, they are benign. They are still in the correct place though abnormal in their appearance and behaviour. They have not invaded through the basement membrane and so achieved the definition of malignant. We therefore can often use the term carcinoma in situ. Where they are dysplastic (disordered maturation and nuclear membranes). It is only a matter of time before they invade.
How do we describe benign mesenchymal tissues? Give examples.
End in the suffix “-oma.” examples include chondroma, osteoma, angioma, leiomyoma and rhabdomyoma.
How do we describe malignant mesenchymal tumours?
Sarcoma - the prefix if then the mesenchymal tissue of origin such as leiomyosarcoma or rhabdomyosarcoma.
What is a benign melanocytic lesion?
Benign:
- “Moles”
- “Melanocytic neavus” - histologically
There are many subtypes. These arise form melanocytes.
The malignant counterpart are malignant melanomas. They can be in situ or invasive.
What is a mesothelioma?
This is a cancer that arises form the cells that line the pleural cavity. There is not a benign form of this tumour.
Give examples of CNS tumours.
There are many types of tissue in the CNS all of which can give rise to a tumour.
- Meninges which give rise to Meningiomas - Glial cells which form Glioma - There are also tumour cells - There are also neurones themselves in the CNS but not the PNS
Many tumours metastasize in the brain but generally not vice versa. They cause problems as they grow in an area where there is not much space.
How do we name germ cell tumours?
Named after the embryological tissue they arise from.
These arise form germ cells - i.e. found in the gonads. They can also arise from the midline. In embryologically, some of the cells may stay in the midline instead of migrating to the gonads. Patients can then present with a midline tumour that then ends up being a germ line tumour.
They are named based on the gonad in which they arise from e.g. seminoma from the testes, however the same cell type in the ovary is known as a dysgerminoma.
Tumours are also named based on differentiation e.g. yolk sac tumour (similar appearance to the tissue to the yolk sac), teratoma (shows differentiation of many cell types), choriocarcinoma (tumour cells that bares resemblance to the placenta) , embryonal carcinoma and mixed germ cell tumours.
E.g. Teratoma - you may see hair, teeth, pancreas, thyroid etc.
What is a leukaemia?
Cancer of the bone marrow and the blood.
There may be a collection of cells in the marrow but often the tumour cells circulate in the blood. There are increased white cells in the blood.
What is a lymphoma?
Lymphomas have many subtypes - found in lymph nodes and other solid tissues (lymphoid tissues). Lymphoma often presents as a swollen lymph node.
What us a myeloma?
Myeloma is a malignancy arising from plasma cells.
What is a hamartoma?
A hamartoma is a noncancerous tumor made of an abnormal mixture of normal tissues and cells from the area in which it grows. Hamartomas can grow on any part of the body. The growth of tissue is not neoplastic. There is disorganisation of normal tissue within the site where we find the hamartomas e.g. Lung hamartoma. The normal tissue types are found but found in a disorganised mass.
