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BIO 1A03 > T4M1- The cell cycle > Flashcards

T4M1- The cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of material is distributed among daughter cells

A

Genetically identical

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2
Q

Define binary fission

A

A form of asexual reproduction

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3
Q

Where does binary fission occur?

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

What happens as the chromosome replicates during binary fission?

A

Cells elongate and new DNA is anchored to plasma membrane

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5
Q

When do cells stop elongating during binary fission?

A

Until two DNA attachment sites are at opposite ends of elongated cells

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6
Q

How do you know when replication is complete in binary fission?

A

Bacterium is double its size

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7
Q

Where does the cell constrict when replication is complete?

A

Along the midpoint of the cell

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8
Q

What is synthesised during binary fission?

A

Synthesis of cell membrane and cell wall

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9
Q

What happens during cell division?

A

Unicellular fertilized egg becomes multicellular complex organism

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10
Q

What are two functions of cell division?

A

Repair and renewal

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11
Q

Can adult stem cells give rise to all cell types?

A

No- can only replace non reproducing specialised cells

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12
Q

What are quiescent cells

A

Non dividing satellite stem cells

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13
Q

What can happen to quiescent cells in muscle cells

A

Become activated and divide to enable muscle regeneration

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14
Q

What does the activation of muscle stem cells lead to?

A

Proliferation, differentiation and fusion of muscle precurser cells

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15
Q

What are muscle precursor cells called?

A

Myoblasts

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16
Q

What do myoblasts form and what are they?

A

Myofibers- mature muscle cells

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17
Q

List some differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic reproduction?

A
  • eukaryotes larger
  • eukaryotic DNA packed into nucleus
  • eukaryotes organized into linear chromosomes
  • eukaryotes require more regulated control
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18
Q

What two main phases does mitosis contain?

A

Interphase and M phase

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19
Q

What does interphase consist of?

A

S phase, two gap growth phases G1 and G2

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20
Q

What does the M phase consist of?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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21
Q

What is the purpose of interphase?

A

Preparation for cell division

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22
Q

What occurs during the s phase?

A
  • replication of DNA in the nucleus
  • increase in cell size
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23
Q

What does G1 phase prepare for? When does it occur?

A

DNA synthesis
Before S phase

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24
Q

What does G2 phase prepare for? When does it occur?

A

Mitosis- after S phase

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25
Q

When do cells pause?

A

In G0 phase- between M and S phase

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26
Q

How long do cells pause for?

A

Can be days or years

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27
Q

What type of cells enter G0 phase?

A

Eye lens, muscle cells, nerve cells

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28
Q

What do quiescent cells do upon injury?

A

Activated from dormant phase and re-enter cell cycle

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29
Q

Who discovered the 5 phases of mitosis and how?

A

Walther Flemming in 1882 by staining salamander embryos to analyze chromosomes of dividing cells

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30
Q

What must happen to chromosomes prior to mitosis

A

Duplication and condensing

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31
Q

In what form are chromosomes during interphase

A

long and thin chromatin fibres

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32
Q

What happens to sister chromatids as the M phase progresses?

A

Sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate and move to 2 new cells

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33
Q

What marks the beginning of M phase?

A

End of interphase G2 phase

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34
Q

Can chromosomes be identified during interphase?

A

No

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35
Q

What happens to duplicated chromosomes as the cell transitions from G2 to M phase?

A

Condense and become visible

36
Q

First stage of mitosis?

A

Prophase

37
Q

How do chromosomes appear in prophase?

A

Identical sister chromatids joined at centromeres

38
Q

What do centromeres do in prophase?

A

Radiate long microtubules forming mitotic spindles

39
Q

What follows prophase in mitosis?

A

Prometaphase

40
Q

What is the defining feature of prometaphase?

A

Fragmentation of nuclear envelope

41
Q

What happens to microtubules as a result of nuclear envelope fragmentation? and where?

A

Microtubules attach to kinetochores in prometaphase

42
Q

Define kinetochore

A

Specialised protein structure that associate with each one of sister chromatids on each side of centromere

43
Q

Why do microtubules attach to kinetochore regions?

A

Essential to pull chromosomes to pole of cell

44
Q

What comes after prometaphase in mitosis?

A

Metaphase

45
Q

What marks metaphase?

A

Alignment of chromosomes down the centre of the cell
- metaphase plate

46
Q

What facilitates the metaphase plate?

A

kinetochore microtubules attached to centromere

47
Q

What follows metaphase?

A

Anaphase

48
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A

Kinetochore microtubules shorten
- sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes pulled into opposite spindle poles of cell

49
Q

What elongates cell in anaphase?

A

Polar microtubules pull against each other

50
Q

What marks the end of anaphase?

A

Both ends of cell will have complete set of chromosomes

51
Q

What comes after anaphase?

A

Telophase

52
Q

What marks telophase?

A

Two new daughter nuclei forming

53
Q

What happens to nuclear envelope during telophase?

A

reforms around chromosome at opposite poles of dividing cells

54
Q

what happens to chromosomes and microtubules in telophase

A

decondense and spindle microtubules depolymerise (break down)

55
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in animals?

A

Begin with formation of contractile ring made of motor proteins with bundles of actin fibres

56
Q

what forms to separate daughter cells during cytokinesis

A

cleavage furrow

57
Q

what do plants form during cytokinesis

A

lie down new cell wall along cell plate- dividing middle of cell

58
Q

when is cytokinesis completed in plant cell?

A

when cell wall fuses with existing wall

59
Q

What was thought to allow the transition of G2 to M phase in 1970s?

A

Mitosis promoting factor

60
Q

What did Tim Hunt do in the 1980’s?

A

Measured protein level changes in urchin embryos

61
Q

What did Tim Hunt add to the urchin eggs

A

Methionine and thought they would be incorporated into new proteins in embryos

62
Q

How did Tim Hunt measure samples of protein

A

Used gel electrophoresis every 10 mins to visualise changes in protein

63
Q

What happened to the protein in Tim Hunt’s experiment

A

Became darker

64
Q

What happened to one specific protein and its intensity in Hunt’s experiment?

A

The cyclin protein band oscillated in intensity
- suspected had something to do with cell cycle progression

65
Q

What does the mitosis promoting factor consist of

A

Cyclin protein and cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)

66
Q

Define the role of kinases

A

Phosphorylate key amino acid

67
Q

what is the activity of kinase dependent on?

A

Being attached to cyclin

68
Q

What does cyclin-CDK complex do

A

trigger changes by phosphorylation of target proteins

69
Q

What does the G1/S cyclin CDK complex do?

A

Needed for transition from G1 to S phase and prepares for DNA replication

70
Q

What does S cyclin CDK complex do?

A

Initiate DNA synthesis

71
Q

What does M cyclin CDK do?

A

Prepare cell for mitosis

72
Q

What is sthe purpose of checkpoints?

A
  • serve as cellular surveillance
  • block cyclin CDK if anything goes wrong
  • can pause cell division until next step
  • allow cells to be repaired
73
Q

What does G1 phase check for?

A

DNA damage checkpoint

74
Q

What does G2 pase check for?

A

DNA replication checkpoint

75
Q

What is the M checkpoint?

A

Spindle assembly checkpoint at the end of anaphase

76
Q

what happens when damage occurs in a cell?

A

kinase phosphorylates P53
- used turn on genes that inhibit cell cycle
- tumor cell that suppresses growth

77
Q

What does p53 produce

A

CDK inhibitor protein which pauses cell cycle in G1 phase

78
Q

What can regulatory proteins monitor as early as prometaphase

A

The degree to which sister chromatids are attached to spindle microtubules at the kinetochore regions

79
Q

What happens if there are unattached kinetochore regions

A

Create wait signal which leads to recruitment of spindle assembly protein

80
Q

How is the recruitment of spindle assembly protein detected

A

Lack of tension in centromere area

81
Q

what enzyme breaks sister chromatids

A

separase

82
Q

what is the function of kinetochore microtubules

A

assist with movement of chromosomes

83
Q

what is the function of nonkinetochore microtubules

A

forms cage like network which facilitates the activities of cell cycle
- assists in elongating the entire cell during anaphase

84
Q

what happens to the binding proteins between the sister chromatids during anaphase

A

break down

85
Q

describe disjunctional segregation

A

centromeres of sister chromatids disjoin and segregate

86
Q

when do chromatids become chromosomes

A

anaphase

BIO 1A03 (10 decks)

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