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AS Biology > T4 - Exchange and Transport > Flashcards

T4 - Exchange and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the chambers of the heart

A

Top - left and right atrium
Bottom - left and right ventricle

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2
Q

Name the chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body

A

Right atrium

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3
Q

Name the chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

A

Left atrium

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4
Q

Name the chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Right ventricle

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5
Q

Name the chamber that pumps oxygenated blood to the body

A

Left ventricle

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6
Q

Name the structure that separates the two sides of the heart?

A

Septum

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7
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary artery

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8
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

A

Vena cava

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9
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary vein

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10
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood to the body

A

Aorta

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11
Q

Explain why the ventricles have thicker walls than the atria

A

More muscle to pump with more force, so blood pressure is higher to pump blood out of the heart into the arteries

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12
Q

Explain why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle

A

Right ventricle pumps blood shorter distance to lungs.
Left ventricle has more muscle to pump with more force, so blood pressure in aorta is higher so blood can travel greater distance around the body.

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13
Q

Name the valves found in the heart

A

Atrioventricular valves (tricusid on right, bicuspid on left)

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14
Q

State the function of the atrioventricular valves

A

Prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria

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15
Q

Explain the consequences of leaky atrioventricular valves

A

There will be backflow of blood into the atrium during
ventricular contraction, so blood pressure in the atrium rises and lowers in the ventricle
Therefore less oxygenated blood flow into aorta to muscles, so there is less aerobic respiration in muscles cells.
Results in less ATP being produced, so less energy is released for contraction of muscle cells.
This results in muscle weakening, shortness of breath, heart rate increasing to compensate.

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16
Q

Explain the consequences of atrial or septal defects (holes in septum)

A

Septal defect results in mixing of oxygenated blood (left side of heart) with deoxygenated blood (right side).
Therefore blood flowing to muscles via aorta contains less oxygen, resulting in less aerobic respiration in muscles cells.
Results in less ATP being produced, so less energy is released for contraction of muscle cells.
This results in muscle weakening, shortness of breath, heart rate increasing to compensate.

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17
Q

State the function of arteries

A

Carry oxygenated blood from heart to body (except pulmonary which carries deoxygenated to lungs)

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18
Q

Why do arteries have thick muscluar walls?

A

Withstand high blood pressure without bursting

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19
Q

Why do arteries walls contain elastic fibres?

A

Allows them to stretch with every pulse of blood,
and to maintain high blood pressure during diastole.

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20
Q

Why do arteries have a small lumen?

A

Maintains high blood pressure

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21
Q

State the function of plasma

A

Transport of water soluble substances including glucose, amino acids, and metabolic products including carbon dioxide, urea.
Acts as a buffer to pH changes.
Helps to maintain body temperature as transfers heat around body.
Contains platelets and clotting factors involved in blood clotting.

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22
Q

List the main functions of the blood

A

Transport
Defence
Formation of lymph and tissue fluid

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23
Q

State the function of platelets

A

Blood clotting; to prevent too much bloos loss after injury and

prevent pathogens entering the blood.

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24
Q

Name the clotting factor that changes prothrombin into thrombin

A

Thromboplastin

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25
Q

Name the clotting factor that changes fibrinogen into fibrin

A

Thrombin

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26
Q

Explain the clotting cascade

A

Platelets stick to damaged endothelium and release clotting factors, including thromboplastin
Thromboplastin catalyses change of prothrombin into active form - thrombin.
Thrombin catalyses change of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, which forms a mesh to cover the wound.

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27
Q

State the meaning of the term atherosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries

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28
Q

Describe how atherosclerosis develops

A

Damage to the endothelial lining of an artery is caused by hypertension/ smoking.
Macrophages move into the artery wall at site of damage, causing LDL cholesterol to build up inside the artery wall.
Atheroma (plaque) forms, which is hardened by build up of calcium salts.
This causes the wall to harden, and lumen to narrow, raising blood pressure, restricting blood flow or blocking the artery.

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29
Q

What factors increase the risk of atherosclerosis?

A

Avoidable - smoking, diet high in saturated fat
Unavoidable - age: the older you are, the higher the risk, gender: males more at risk than females, genetic factors

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30
Q

List the health effects of an atheroma

A

Aneurysm, raised blood pressure, angina, heart attack, stroke

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31
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Swelling of the artery walls

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32
Q

Explain the cause and consequences of an aneurysm

A

Cause
Atheromas weaken the artery walls.
Due to increased blood pressure caused by the blockage, these weakened points swell to form a balloon-like blood-filled structure called an aneurysm.

Consequence
Aneurysms frequently burst, leading to haemorrhage.
This then leads to a loss of blood in that region of the body.

33
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain

34
Q

Explain how angina is caused

A

Narrowing of the coronary artery due to an atheroma reduces blood flow,
Therefore there is reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle.
This results in the heart muscle respiring anaerobically, which results in a build up of lactic acid.
Lactic acid triggers nerve endings to signal pain.

35
Q

What is an ischaemic stroke?

A

Interruption to the blood supply to the brain e.g. due to blood clot in an artery in the brain caused by an atheroma.

36
Q

Explain how coronary heart disease leads to a heart attack.

A

Damage to the endothelial lining of coronary artery is caused by hypertension/ smoking.
Macrophages move into the artery wall at site of damage, causing LDL cholesterol to build inside the artery wall.
Atheroma (plaque) forms, which is hardened by build up of calcium salts.
This causes the wall to harden, and lumen to narrow, raising blood pressure, and restricting blood flow to cardiac muscle.
Thrombus (blood clot) formation can block the coronary artery, stopping blood flow to cardiac muscle below the blockage.
This means cardiac muscle cells cannot respire as no oxygen or glucose supply.
Cells die, muscle cannot pump, which leads to heart attack.

37
Q

Explain how the structure of an artery is related to its function

A

Arteries transport blood under high pressure to body tissues so they have:
Think muscular walls to withstand high pressure without bursting
Elastin fibres in wall allow them to stretch with every pulse of blood and recoil to maintain high blood pressure during diastole
Small lumen maintain high blood pressure

38
Q

State the function of capillaries

A

Site of exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste products via diffusion

39
Q

Why are capillaries only one cell thick?

A

Short diffusion distance increases rate of diffusion

40
Q

Why are capillaries numerous and highly branched?

A

Provides larger surface area for maximum rate of diffusion

41
Q

Explain how the structure of capillaries are related to their function

A

Capillaries are the site of exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste products via diffusion
Provides larger surface area for maximum rate of diffusion
Short diffusion distance increases rate of diffusion

42
Q

State the function of veins

A

Carry deoxygenated blood under low pressure to heart from body except pulmonary which carries oxygenated from lungs

43
Q

Why do veins have the largest lumen?

A

Blood pressure is low so larger lumen does not restrict the blood flow

44
Q

Why do veins have thin muscular wall with few elastic fibres

A

Blood pressure is very low so will not burst

45
Q

Why do veins have valves

A

Prevents backflow of blood

46
Q

What type of circulatory system is found in mammals?

A

Double

47
Q

What type of circulatory system is found in fish?

A

Single

48
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system?

A

Keeps oxygenated blood separate so systemic side can carry blood with higher partial pressure of oxygen
Two circuits means blood can be pumped at different pressures
Pulmonary circuit carries blood at lower pressure so it doesn’t damage blood capillaries in lungs and blood flows slower so more time for oxygen to diffuse in
Systemic circuit can carry blood at higher pressure so it can flow a greater distance around the body

49
Q

Name the three stages of the cardiac cycle

A

Diastole
Artial systole
Ventricular systole

50
Q

What happens during diastole

A

Heart is relaxed, passivly refills with blood

51
Q

What happens during atrial systole

A

Atria contract
causing blood pressure in atria to increase
which forces AV valves open
so blood flows into ventricles

52
Q

What happens during ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract and atria relax
Causing blood pressure in ventricles to increase
which forces AV valves to close and semilunar to open
so blood flows into aorta and pulmonary artery

53
Q

Name the pace maker cells within the heart

A

Sinoatrial node SAN

54
Q

State what is meant by the myogenic stimulation of the heart

A

The SAN can initiate a heart beat without stimulation by the autonomic nervous system

55
Q

Where is the SAN

A

Wall of right atrium

56
Q

Explain how the cardiac cycle is stimulated

A

SAN initiates a wave of depolarisation which spreads across both atria causing the atria to contract (artial systole)
Layers of non conducting tissue between atria and ventricles stops wave spreading down the ventricles
AVN initiates depolarisation after delay of 0.1 - 0.2 s to allow time for atrial systole to complete and ventricles to fill
Electrical impulses travels down bundle of HIS then along the purkinje fibres from apex upwards through ventrioles causing ventricles to contract (ventricular systole)

57
Q

What is an ECG?

A

Electrocardiogram - graph showing electrical activity inside the heart

58
Q

On the ECG trace what to the letters represent

A

P wave - atrial depolarisation
QRS complex - ventricular depolarisation
T wave - ventricular repolarisation

59
Q

What would an ECG trace showing normal sinus rythem show?

A

QRS complexes normal and evenly spaced
heart rate 60-100 bpm

60
Q

What is bracycardia

A

Heart rate too slow

61
Q

What would an ECG trace showing bracycardia show

A

QRS complexes normal and evenly stacked
heart rate less than 60bpm

62
Q

Explain why athletes have heart rates lower than 60bpm but do not have bradycardia

A

Training increases size and strength of heart muscles
Muscles can therefore contract with more force per beat so they have a higher stroke volume
Heart therefore can beat less often but acheive same cardiac output as average adult

63
Q

Suggest a cause of bradycardia

A

Damage to heart muscle tissue due to ageing heart disease/ heart attack
beta blockers

64
Q

what is tachycardia

A

heart rate too fast

65
Q

What would an ECG trace showing tachycardia show?

A

QRS complex normal and evenly spaced
heart rate over 100bpm

66
Q

Give a risk factor for tachycardia

A

Smoking heavily
Taking illegal drugs e.g. cocaine
Cornary artery disease

67
Q

Explain the consequences of tachycardia

A

Heart beats too fast and ventricle do not fill properly
Less oxygenated blood pumped to body cells
Less respiration, resulting in less ATP and therefore less released
Results in fatigue, shortness of breath and fainting

68
Q

State what is meant by fibrillation

A

Uncoordinated contractions of either atria or ventricles

69
Q

What is arrhythmia

A

Irregular heartbeat

70
Q

What would an ECG trace showing arrythmia show?

A

All complexes/waves normal but irregularly spaced

71
Q

List the the four components of the blood

A

Plasma
Erthrocytes
leuocytes
Platelets

72
Q

State the function of an erythrocyte

A

Transport oxygen as oxyheamogloblin to body cells

73
Q

Explain how the structure of an erythrocyte is adapted to its function

A

Millions of molecules of heamogloblin to bind to oxygen and form oxyheamogloblin for transport
No nucleus so more space to carry more oxyheamogloblin
Biconcave which gives large surface area to increase rate of absorption of oxygen
Small and flexible (7 micrometer diameter) to squeeze through capilaries

74
Q

Name the different types of leuocytes

A

Neutrophils
macrophages
eosinophils
monocytes
lymphocytes (B and T)

75
Q

Which leuocoytes is the most abundent

A

Neutrophile

76
Q

State the function of monocytes

A

Engulf and digest pathogens by phagocytosis

77
Q

State the function of neutrophills

A

Engulf and digest pathogens by phagocytosis

78
Q

State the function of eosinophils

A

Involved in allergic responses and protection against viruses

79
Q

Describe the functions of lymphocytes

A

Part of specific (adaptive) immune response
Recognise antigens on pathogens
T-lymphocytes - Helper t cells activate B lymphocytes and cytotoxins (killer) T cells which kill viral infectes/cancer cells
B-Lymphocytes produce antibodies and antitoxins

AS Biology (7 decks)

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