T4 - Endocrine Assessment Flashcards
Which organ is the primary source of endogenous glucose production?
The liver, via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
What percentage of the glucose released by the liver is metabolized by insulin-insensitive tissues?
70-80%.
When does a transition from exogenous glucose usage to endogenous production occur after eating?
2-4 hours after eating, when glucose usage exceeds production.
What is fundamental for maintaining normal blood glucose during the transition from exogenous usage to endogenous production?
Diminished insulin production.
What hormones make up the glucose counterregulatory system?
Glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol.
What is the primary role of glucagon in glucose regulation?
Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, while inhibiting glycolysis.
What are the primary causes of diabetes mellitus?
It results from either an inadequate supply of insulin or an inadequate tissue response to insulin.
What are the consequences of untreated diabetes mellitus?
Increased circulating glucose levels leading to eventual microvascular and macrovascular complications.
What causes Type 1a diabetes?
Type 1a diabetes is caused by T-cell–mediated autoimmune destruction of β cells within pancreatic islets, resulting in minimal or absent circulating insulin levels.
How does Type 2 diabetes develop?
Type 2 diabetes results from defects in insulin receptors and post-receptor intracellular signaling pathways, and it is not immune mediated.
What percentage of all diabetes mellitus cases does Type 1 diabetes account for?
Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5-10% of all diabetes mellitus cases.
At what age is Type 1 diabetes usually diagnosed?
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed before age 40.
What precedes the onset of symptoms in Type 1 diabetes?
A long pre-clinical period (9-13 years) of B-cell antigen production precedes the onset of symptoms.
How much B-cell function is typically lost before hyperglycemia occurs in Type 1 diabetes?
At least 80-90% of B-cell function is lost before hyperglycemia ensues.
What percentage of all diabetes mellitus cases does Type 2 diabetes account for?
Type 2 diabetes accounts for over 90% of all diabetes mellitus cases.
How long before diagnosis is Type 2 diabetes typically present but underrecognized?
Type 2 diabetes is normally present 4-7 years before it is diagnosed.
What occurs in the initial stages of Type 2 diabetes?
Insensitivity to insulin on peripheral tissues leads to increased pancreatic insulin secretion.
What are the three main abnormalities seen in Type 2 diabetes?
Increased hepatic glucose release due to a reduction in insulin’s inhibitory effect on the liver, impaired insulin secretion, and insufficient glucose uptake in peripheral tissues.
What are some causes of insulin resistance in DM2?
Causes include abnormal insulin molecules, circulating insulin antagonists, and insulin receptor defects.
What acquired and contributing factors are associated with insulin resistance in DM2?
Obesity and sedentary lifestyle.
What are some dietary adjustments recommended for managing diabetes?
Dietary adjustments involve controlling carbohydrate intake, managing portion sizes, and maintaining a balanced diet.
How does exercise and weight loss benefit individuals with diabetes?
Exercise and weight loss can improve hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity, leading to better blood glucose control.
What is the primary mechanism of action of Metformin in diabetes management?
Metformin, a biguanide, enhances glucose transport into tissues.
What are the effects of Metformin on triglyceride (TGL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels?
Metformin decreases triglyceride (TGL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels.