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T4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Dominion Status? When did NZ gain Dominion Status?

A

Legal status that Britain gave colonies which enables a country to control their own affairs.
British act of parliament granted NZ Dominion Status in 1907.

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2
Q

Give reasons why NZ was so dependent on Britain in the early 20th century.

A
  • Dependent on trade -> mostly agricultural produce like meat and wool went to British markets, and Britain supplied NZ with most of its imports
  • Family ties -> NZ was largely colonizes by English and Scottish immigrants; remained close to Britain in terms of cultural heritage.
  • Defense -> NZ’s vulnerability meant they were reliant on bigger countries such as England and then the USA.
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3
Q

What is the Treaty of Versailles and when was it signed?

A

Treaty of Versailles - Signed in 28 June 1919 in Hall of Mirrors Paris, France, peace treaty signed between Germany and the allies that would punish Germany and meet the goals of various Allied Powers.

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4
Q

What was NZ’s first action in WW1? Provide details.

A

August 1914, NZ sent 1500 men to take over German occupied Samoa. It was accomplished unopposed.

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5
Q

What was the League of Nations? When was it formed?

A

Founded in January 1920 after Paris Conference (Treaty of Versailles), The League’s goals included: - disarmament

  • preventing war through collective security
  • settling disputes between countries through negotiation diplomacy
  • improving global welfare.
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6
Q

What is the Statute of Westminster?

A

Dominions who adopted this were responsible for their own foreign policies.

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7
Q

Did NZ adopt the Statue of Westminster? If so, when?

A

It was granted to NZ in 1931 by Britain, but they adopted it in 1947, wanting to retain ties with the “Mother Country”

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8
Q

What is appeasement? What were NZ’s views on it?

A

Appeasement - term given to the British policy of giving into Hitler’s demands with a view to preserve peace. Labour government of Savage (PM) criticized British Policy.

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9
Q

What was the UN and when was it formed?

A

Background info: formed in place of League of Nations which failed to promote international peace (WWII broke out two decades after LoN formed)

The international organisation created after WWII in 1945 to resolve disputes between nations, preserve international peace, promote the welfare of all people around the world.

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10
Q

Give a definition of Sovereignty.

A

The right to self rule.

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11
Q

Give a brief outline of what the Cold War was.

A

The rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United State based on opposing ideologies - communism vs capitalism - that developed after WWII.

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12
Q

When did Britain declare war on Germany for the second time?

A

September 1, 1939

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13
Q

What did PM Savage say which came as a surprise in regards to WWII? Why was it a surprise?

A

“Where Britain goes, we go”

Savage was a conscientious objector (refuses to fight in the war).

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14
Q

What did NZ realise after WWII?

A

NZ’s national security heavily relied on the USA. Although NZ still tied to Britain for trade, this was not enough to guarantee NZ’s international sovereignty.

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15
Q

Give a definition for Communism.

A

A political system where the state owns all property and controls all production.

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16
Q

Give a definition for Capitalism.

A

An economic system based on the right of individuals to own property and control means of production. There is a profit motive in capitalism.

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17
Q

When was Korea liberated from Japanese rule?

A

1945

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18
Q

When was the Korean War?

A

1950 - 1953

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19
Q

Who was the President of the USA in 1950?

A

Harry Truman

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20
Q

Who were the president of North Korean and South Korea in the 1950’s?

A

North: Kim il sung
South: Syngnam Rhee

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21
Q

What was the Cold War?

A

The rivalry between the Soviet Union and USA based on opposing ideologies (Communism vs Capitalism).

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22
Q

When was the Cold War?

A

1945 - 1990

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23
Q

What events created the fear that communism was a long term threat to NZ security?

A
  • Cold war between United States (NZ’s ally) and Soviet Union.
  • Mao Zhe Dong and communist party taking over China in 1949.
  • Soviet Union successfully detonated atomic bomb in 1949.
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24
Q

Why did NZ support the USA in the Korean War?

A
  • NZ’s commitment to the ANZUS treaty.
  • Strengthen ties with America (defence, economic gain)
  • Britain also decided to support, prompting NZ to join as well.
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25
Q

How did NZ contribute to the Korean War?

A
  • 3700 soldieres (part of the “Kayforce”)

- Wool for American uniforms (also increased NZ economy).

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26
Q

What is the UN security council? Give detail.

A

The Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The 5 permanent members (who have ability of veto) of the United Nations Security Council are: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. 10 non-permanent members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly.

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27
Q

Give a definition of veto.

A

The right of one country to stop the policy of another country in the Security Council (UN)

28
Q

When was the Vietnam War?

A

1965 - 1975

29
Q

Who were President of North and South Vietnam during the Vietnam War?

A

North: Ho Chi Minh
South: Ngo Dinh Diem

30
Q

What was the Domino Theory?

A

A belief that if one country fell to communism other countries would soon follow. This belief applied especially to Asia.

31
Q

Who was the PM of NZ during the Vietnam War?

A

PM Holyoake (National)

32
Q

Why was the PM of NZ concerned about joining the Vietnam War?

A

Holyoake was very concerned that the West were being sucked into another Korea (an unwinnable war) and that the West was supporting an unpopular and corrupt South Vietnamese government.

33
Q

Why did NZ decide to participate in the Vietnam War?

A

NZ’s relationship with America and the ANZUS treaty were at risk if NZ did not join the Vietnam War with the US. NZ also had to participate to SEATO obligations.

34
Q

What was significant about NZ joining the Vietnam War?

A
  • First time NZ has sent soldiers to war without Britain.

- Reflected the growing independence of NZ’s foreign policy.

35
Q

What did NZ contribute to the Vietnam War?

A
  • A civilian surgical team
  • 4 gun battery of 120 men (artillery unit)
  • After initial contribution*
  • 3800 soldiers
36
Q

What was the Canberra Pact? When was it signed?

A

In 1944, Australia and NZ signed a treaty that showed NZ’s acknowledgement that NZ and Australia had common defense interests and should cooperate in international matters, especially in the Pacific.

37
Q

Give reasons for why NZ felt Britain could no longer provide sufficient protection.

A
  • Naval base in Singapore 1942 was taken Japanese soldiers
  • Growth of Japanese naval power and USSR threats in pacific drove NZ to seek protection
  • Britain joining EEC affected NZ’s economy greatly
38
Q

What is the commonwealth? When was it established?

A

A group of independent nations who were once part of the British Empire. Est. 1949

39
Q

What is CHOGM?

A

Commonwealth Heads Of Government Meeting which occurs every 2 years

40
Q

What was the SEATO treaty?

A

South East Asia Treaty Organisation - made to stop the spread of communism

41
Q

What was the ANZUS treaty? When was it signed?

A

A defence treaty between Australia, NZ and the USA, where each country promised to support the other if they are attacked. Signed in 1951

42
Q

What was the Colombo Plan?

A

A commonwealth organisation aiming to provide economic and technical aid to Asia and the Pacific established in 1949 in India

43
Q

Give a definition for Tariff.

A

a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.

44
Q

What is the EEC? When was it formed?

A

European Economic Community - aimed to reduce tariffs between the members. Formed in 1957

45
Q

Why did NZ not want Britain to join EEC? What effects did this have on NZ?

A
  • NZ had depended on Britain for a vast majority of its trade before this, so NZ had to look for new countries to sell products to. (US: Beef, Japan: Dairy)
  • NZ’s economy was put at risk, but successive governments diversifying our trade has made it so it did not completely undermine the economy.
  • Was a major step in NZ becoming independent from Britain as it resulted in NZ forming international bonds with other countries, specifically in Asia and the Pacific.
46
Q

What is the NAFTA agreement? When was it signed?

A

In 1965, NZ and Australia signed the NEW ZEALAND AUSTRALIA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA), which increased the trade between NZ and Australia.

47
Q

What was the CER agreement? When was it signed?

A

Signed in 1983, CER (Closer economics relation agreement) allowed most of NZ’s exports into Aus and vice versa. All most all goods would have access to each other’s markets.

48
Q

Where did France perform their nuclear tests?

A
  • From 1966 onward in Mururoa
49
Q

What is GATT and what was it a response to?

A

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which aimed to remove all trade barriers on agricultural exports. Negotiations still continue to this day. This was a response to the fact that Britain joining the EEC had potential to seriously undermine NZ’s economy and the standard of living of citizens.

50
Q

Where did most of NZ’s trade go after Britain joined the EEC?

A

Asian and the Pacific

51
Q

What was the South Pacific Commission?

A

A commonwealth program that aimed to promote economic improvement of under developed countries as a means of combating communism .

52
Q

What was the South Pacific Forum?

A

This initiative replaced the South Pacific commission in 1971 and as a result took a broader view on regional issues concerning members including trade, shipping, fishing and nuclear testing.

53
Q

Why was the South Pacific a popular place for nuclear testing?

A
  • Low population density; large countries believed the small nations in Pacific would not protest.
  • Far away from most of the Nations that were conducting the tests. (would not affect them)
  • Large area without many restrictions meant countries could freely show off their power.
54
Q

Where did France perform their nuclear tests?

A
  • From 1966 onward in the Mururoa Atoll
55
Q

Why was Holyoake reluctant to criticize France about its nuclear testing? Even so, what did the national governed parliament do in 1972?

A

Opposing France may obstruct any EEC deal giving NZ trade preferences to British markets. Even so, in 1972 NZ supported a UN resolution opposing all nuclear testing.

56
Q

When was Norman Kirk elected as PM after Holyoake? What actions did he take when PM?

A
  • Elected into parliament in 1972
    Unlike Holyoake, Kirk challenged French nuclear testing by taking France to the International court of Justice (UN organisation) over its nuclear testing. Kirk also sent two NZ frigates to the Mururoa test zone in 1973 to protest.
57
Q

Why was opposing American nuclear powered ships from entering our ports a problem?

A

The ANZUS treaty prevented NZ from denying American nuclear battle ships entry, as it would mean breaking the rules of the treaty, and NZ heavily relied on America for its security.

58
Q

When was Robert Muldoon elected as PM, and what were his views about US nuclear tests?

A

Muldoon supported US nuclear tests in order to maintain NZ’s relationship with the US for security and trade. He encouraged visits from US battle ships, and softened protests against French nuclear tests.

59
Q

Who were Greenpeace and what were their views on French nuclear testing?

A

An environmental organisation that disapproved of the nuclear testing

60
Q

Describe the events of the Rainbow Warrior

A

French secret agents blew up the Greenpeace flagship, the Rainbow Warrior, in July 1985 in Auckland. The event received worldwide publicity and France was looked down upon. Two agents were captured: Marfat and Prieur were captured and convicted for manslaughter of a Portuguese photographer, they were imprisoned for 10 years. Bending to the pressure, the two French agents were released to a French prison near Mururoa in 1986 and within 3 years were sent home.

61
Q

What were the consequences of the bombing of the Rainbow warrior?

A
  • Strengthened general support for anti-nuclear policy among the public. No government was prepared to challenge the anti-nuclear policy.
  • NZ’s vulnerability to terrorist attacks were apparent. - French nuclear testing stopped in 1995.
62
Q

What event enraged USA causing them to declare ANZUS inoperative?

A

When the USS Buchannan was refused access in Jan 1985 the US government was furious. As USA promised to not impose trade sanctions they declared ANZUS inoperative and NZ was classified as a friend and not an ally.

63
Q

Define apartheid

A

A policy of racial segregation used by South Africa.

64
Q

What did African countries threaten to do for the Commonwealth games in 1974 if NZ hosted a racially selected team from South Africa?

A

They threatened to boycott the 1974 Commonwealth games in Christchurch if NZ .

65
Q

What was the Gleneagles Agreement?

A

In 1977 Muldoon went along with the Gleneagles agreement, a pact between Commonwealth leaders to discourage sporting contact with South Africa, which then had a policy of apartheid – separate development for its black and white citizens.

66
Q

What did Muldoon fail to do in the 1980’s which led to NZ’s internationa reputation being damaged? List some of the consequences.

A

Muldoon refused to prevent a highly controversial tour of New Zealand by the South African Springbok rugby team in 1981. Riots, protests and boycotts occurred during this period. NZ received international condemnation.

67
Q

List some of the divisions within NZ society in regards to the views towards the Springbok tour?

A

For: University educated, from urban cities, coloured people

Against. Not university educated, from rural environments, white

History T4 (1 decks)

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