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Microbiology T3 NEW > T3 NEW > Flashcards

T3 NEW Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

COMPARE

Toxigenicity and Toxemia

A

Toxigenicity is the clinical term for the capacity germs to produce toxins
Toxemia blood-poisoning

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2
Q

COMPARE

Sepsis and Septicemia

A

Sepsis is infection, invasion, or disease by pathogens or their products
Septicemia disease resulting from infection of the blood.

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3
Q

COMPARE

Bacteremia and Viremia

A

Bacteremia- infection of the blood by bacteria

Viremia -infection of the blood by Viruses

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4
Q

Virulent, Non-virulent, & Avirulent microbes

A

Virulent: degree to which organism can cause disease
Non-virulent: low degree/ no symptoms
Avirulent: non-pathogenic/ normal flora

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5
Q

Classify exotoxins to 3 functional groups according to where they attack.

A

Cytotoxin : Cell poisons, specific (LOCALIZED)
- Cardiotoxin
- Hepatotoxin
- Leukotoxin
Neurotoxin: Nerve & brain damage (SYSTEMIC)
Enterotoxin: Food Poisoning ( SYSTEMIC)

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6
Q 
COMPARE PROFILE OF GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
A. Periplasm 
B. Outer membrane 
C. Effect of Lysozyme 
D. Lipo-Polysaccharides
A 
Gram +
A. Peri: Absent
B. Outer Mem: Absent
C. Lyso: High
D. Lipo- Virtually none
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7
Q 
COMPARE PROFILE OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
A. Periplasm 
B. Outer membrane 
C. Effect of Lysozyme 
D. Lipo-Polysaccharides
A 
Gram -
A. Peri: Present
B. Outer Mem: Present
C. Lyso: Low
D. Lipo: High
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8
Q

Compare Differential Staining to Simple Staining

A

Simple Staining uses just one basic dye because it highlights the specimen with color in contrast to a clear background.
Differential Staining emphasizes bacterial diversity with color, using 2 basic dyes with contrasting colors to stain bacteria differently.

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9
Q

Identify reagents

A 
Reagents: 
Methylene Blue 
Safranin
Crystal Violet 
Malachite Green
Carbol Fuchsin
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10
Q

Chemical Groups of the Dyes used

A

Basic Dye- transfers & stains
Acidic Dye- neg cgarged/ stain background/ nigrosin
Neutral Dye: rarely ever used

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11
Q

List the steps for Gram staining and what each step does to the cell

A
  1. Crystal Violet: Primary Stain applied to the Air-dried, Heat-fixed. (dye enters the cytoplasm)
  2. Bacteria initially take on the color of the Primary Stain but some will eventually retain it while others will not.
  3. To boost dye retention, Iodine a Mordant fixes the primary stain to the smear. (forms large crystals with the dye that are too large to escape the cell wall)
  4. Decolorization by alcohol makes some bacterial cells colorless, but not others. (gram + /alcohol dehydrates the peptidoglycan of gram + cells to make it more impermeable to the crystal violet-iodine.)(gram -/ alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of gram - cells and even leaves small holes in the thin peptidoglycan layer.
  5. Initial rinsing with water
  6. Applying Secondary Stain: Safranin (adding safranin turns the cells pink or red.)
  7. After rinsing with water, the slide is blotted dry and observed
    Purple POSITIVE (+)
    Red NEGATIVE (-). I
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12
Q

What are ‘Plasmids’ and how do they affect toxigenicity?

A

Genes responsible for bacteria to produce most exotoxins:
Plasmids are small, usually circular, double-stranded DNA molecules. Can dd 5-100 genes. genes for such activities such as antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, production of toxins and synthesis of enzymes.

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13
Q

What are ‘Phages’ and how do they affect toxigenicity?

A

Genes responsible for bacteria to produce most exotoxins: Phages are viruses that infect bacteria.

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14
Q

List some properties of enzymes

A 
Make reactions possible by activation
Break down things really fast
Proteins
Work in small amounts
Reusable -100% recyclable
Inactivated (denatured) by heat
Specific; exclusive for one reaction
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15
Q

Estimate Bacterial Exotoxins that have enzymatic nature

A

40% aprroximately

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16
Q

How does their enzymatic nature affect exotoxin function?

A

Because of the enzymatic nature of most exotoxins, even small amounts are quite harmful because they can act over and over again.

17
Q

Exotoxins: What are they and where do they come from?

A

They are proteins, many are enzymes, produced inside some bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism and are secreted by the bacterium or released following lysis. Many are enzymes that catalyze only certain biochemical reactions.

18
Q

Exotoxin: Which microbes make them?

A

Mostly Gram Positive Bacteria that eventually secrete or release them from their cells. Bacterial plasmids or phages.

19
Q

Exotoxin: How do they work and what is their Toxigenicity?

A

They work by destroying particular parts of the host’s cells or by inhibiting certain metabolic functions.
Toxigenicity: diseases caused by bacteria that produced exotoxin are often caused by minute amounts of exotoxin, not by the bacteria. Among the most lethal and specific substances known.

20
Q

FLAGELLA STRUCTURE/BASAL BODY Describe Basal Bodies and determine how their rings are distributed in: Gram Positive Cell wall and Plasma Membrane.

A

Basal body is composed of a small central rod inserted into a series of rings.
Cell Wall: 0
Plasma Membrane: 2

21
Q

FLAGELLA STRUCTURE/BASAL BODY Describe Basal Bodies and determine how their rings are distributed in: Gram Negative Cell Wall layers, Plasma, and Outer Membranes

A

Basal body is composed of a small central rod inserted into a series of rings.
Cell Wall: 2
Plasma membrane:2
Outer membrane: 0

22
Q

What are toxins and where do they come from?

A

Toxins are poisonous substances that are produced by certain microorganisms.

23
Q

Which microbes make them?

A

Produced by bacteria during their normal growth and activity.

24
Q

Estimate the general and specific numbers of toxins.

A

220 Different Types
2 General types: exotoxin & endotoxin
40% cause disease specifically

25
Q

Which membranes do they target and what percentage do so?

A

40% damage the Plasma Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells

26
Q 
If these Kingdoms have Cell walls, determine what they are made of:
A. Archaea
B. Eubacteria
C. Protista (Algae and Protozoa)
D. Fungi  
E. Plantae 
F. Animalia?
A

A. Proteins and Polysaccharides
B. Only Kingdom with Peptidoglycan in cell wall
Ca. Animal-like Protista are Protozoa; without a cell wall Cb. Plant-like are Algae; cell walls may contain cellulose Cc. Fungal-like Protista are unicellular Slime molds
D. Contain Chitin
E. Contain Cellulose
F. No Cell Wall

27
Q

Identify similarities between Archaea and Eubacteria

A

Unicellular Prokaryotes with cell wall

28
Q

Explore the differences between Eubacteria and Archaea

A

Ba. Eubacteria is the only Kingdom with Peptidoglycan in cell wall.
Bb. Archaea Cell has Proteins and Polysaccharides.
Bc. Live in extreme places not suitable for most life.

29
Q

Name and describe all major:

(a) Shapes for Bacterial identification
(b) Bacterial Arrangements

A

(a) . Shapes include Coccus, Bacillus, Coccobacillus, Vibrio, Spirillum, or Spirochete
(b) . May be arranged as Single-, Diplo-, Strepto-, Tetrad, Sarcina, or Staphylococcus

30
Q

Recall the 3 cell platforms and Match Characteristics of: (a) Human/Animal cells or organelles to their lifestyles

(b) Plant cells or organelles to their lifestyles
(c) Fungal cell structures, Coenocytes, to their lifestyles (d) Bacteria, peptidoglycan in cell wall

A

A.2
B.3
C. 3
D. 1

31
Q

Identify Mordant, Decolorizer, Primary, and Counter stains.

A

Iodine is the Mordant, Ethanol or Acetone-Ethanol is the decolorizer, Crystal Violet is the Primary Stain, The Counterstain is Safranin.

32
Q

Review the outcomes of Gram Stain and original bacteria used

A

Bacterial reaction to Gram stain occurs primarily in their Cell walls. Must analyze the Wall, especially a unique Bacterial Cell wall compound, Peptidoglycan, and its:
•Occurrence
• Location
•Thickness
•Chemical composition
•Interaction with Crystal Violet, especially when Iodine is present as Mordant.

33
Q

Name Scientists associated with Gram Stain and their contributions

A

It was developed accidentally in 1884 by Hans Christian Joachim Gram, uses ability to retain or lose the Primary Stain to classify bacteria into two large groups: Gram Positive and Gram Negative

34
Q

What percentage of Toxins damages cell membranes?

A

40%

35
Q

Which membranes do they affect?

A

Damage the Plasma Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells

36
Q

How do they differentiate between membranes that they damage?

A

+ sugar, protein layers are hydrophilic, polar & reactive
- Lipid layer is hydrophobic & non-polar & ; non reactive

37
Q

Explain Gram Reaction using: A. Peptidoglycan: Occurrence, Location, and Thickness

A

Peptidoglycan: Unlike Human, animal, plant, or fungal cells, bacterial Cell walls contain a complex compound called Peptidoglycan, which is half Protein and half Disaccharide Sugar. Gram-positive bacteria cell walls have multiple layers, while Gram-negative bacteria cell walls have a single layer of peptidoglycan covered by a thick outer-membrane of lipids.

38
Q

Components and Chemistry of Bacterial Cell Wall

A

Composed of a micro
Gram-negative bacteria cell walls contain high levels of Lipids in form of phospho-lipids, Lipo-polysaccharides, or Lipo-proteins.
Gram-positive cell walls are essentially fat-free and contain lots of peptidoglycan and lipo and wall teichoic acid.

39
Q

Teichoic Acids and Lipo-teichoic acids

A

Teichoic Acid is an exclusive component of Gram-positive bacterial cell wall. Sometimes, it extends to the plasma membrane as Lipoteichoic acid and Wall Teichoic acid when it comes from cell wall. Either way, it is absent from Gram-negative bacteria.

Microbiology T3 NEW (1 decks)

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