T3. Activation, Application, and Transmission of Stereotypes

Question 1

name 4 characteristics of stereotypes?

Answer 1

• Stereotypes are stored in memory in cognitive representation, frequently called schemata, then contain linkages between a social category and the features associated with it.
• Stereotypes are learnt through socialization (social learning theory; Bandura, 1977): we learn stereotypes from family, significant others (e.g., peers, teachers), media.
• Stereotypes activation is an increased accessibility of knowledge about social groups.
• Stereotypes is the use of activated knowledge in perception and judgement.

Question 2

how can stereotypes be distinguished?

Answer 2

Distinction between:
1. (Cultural) stereotypes as earlier cognitive structures (learn through socialization and participation in a specific culture) that are very accessible and can be automatically activated
2. Personal beliefs (for example, agree or not with a stereotype) as newer cognitive structures

Question 3

what does the successful control of stereotypes require?

Answer 3

o Motivation to respond without bias.
o Awareness that the stereotype has been activated.
o Cognitive resources (i.e., attention and working memory capacity) to inhibit the influence of stereotypes and to replace any ethnic-biased response tendencies with an intentional non-prejudice response.
-> Prejudice could persist among those who renounce prejudice because of spontaneous, unintentional stereotype activation and use.

Question 4

what are Primary-Appraisal-Based STIs?

Answer 4

preventing the stereotype threat; feeling the potential, risk in the situation.
1. Belief-Based STIs: consisting of blurring boundaries, promoting social belonging, and providing in-group role models, are effective in improving performance under stereotype threat.
2. Identity-Based STIs: consisting of activating a single positive identity, activating multiple identities, and reducing distinctiveness, are effective in improving performance under stereotype threat.

Question 5

what are Secondary Appraisal-Based STIs?

Answer 5

coping with the negative consequences.
Resilience-Based STIS
* Reappraisal and reattribution: alleviating anxiety and reappraising cognitions or emotions in an objective or neutral manner.
Consisting of:
Reappraisal and reattribution, improving confidence, eliciting a promotion focus, teaching learning orientation and tactics, and self-affirmation intervention, are effective in improving performance under stereotype threat.