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molec bio > t2w1 cell cycle & lamins > Flashcards

t2w1 cell cycle & lamins Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 reasons why cells divide

A

efficiency , repair d&old , grwth & dvpmt (survival & fertility , embryogenesis)

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2
Q

Name CD method is in bacteria vs eukaryotes

A

BFission ; Mitosis & Meiosis

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3
Q

What happens in BFission

A

DNA replicates & strands attch to membrane ; cell elongates - dna separates & cwall & cmembrane grow from centre of cell

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4
Q

What is meiosis

A

prod. of gametes

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5
Q

what is mitosis

A

CD in all cells but gametes

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6
Q

Whats cell cycle

A

sequence in cell that = duplication of DNA and CD = 2 dcells

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7
Q

2 main stages of cell cycle

A

interphase (g1+s+g2) - cell grows & replicates dna
Mitosis & cytokinesis (M phase) - nucleus & nuclear material divide; cytoplasm divides

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8
Q

duration of cell cycle

A

~18 hrs ; variable duration in g1 & g2 ; S &M constant and cell specific

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9
Q

Name 2 things where cell cycle errors can cause mutations or damage dna

A

duplication & distro in chrosomes

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10
Q

Can cell cycle checkpoints halt CC progression if cell unprepped & what 2 things does it result in

A

yes ; dna repair & apoptosis

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11
Q

Name the 3 main checkpoints in ccycle

A

G1/S - restriction point ; G2- M checkpoint & M spindle chpoint

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12
Q

Duplication & segregation of cellular components is tightly regulated (T/F)

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Growth, DNA rep & organelle duplication are indpnt process (T/F)

A

true

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14
Q

What protein kinase fam coords the ccycle

A

cyclin depdnt kinases (CdKs) - each phase defined by (in)activation of diff cyclins

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15
Q

each cdk cyclin combo works at diff cycle stage (T/F)

A

TRUE

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16
Q

What lab technique is used to observe cell cycle

A

w BLOT see cyclin presence chnges to determine diff stage progressions

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17
Q

What is a cyclin & its function assoc. w ____s

A

reg proteins (no tenzymes) associate w CDKs synthesis & degradation in a coordinated process

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18
Q

How many D cyclins in mammalian cells

A

3 CD1 CD2 CD3

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19
Q

In What phase of the ccycle is cyclin D (& CDk4) expressed high

A

G1

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20
Q

What cyclin is expressed high in G1/S phase

A

cyclin E (& cdk2)

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21
Q

What cyclin is high in G2 phase

A

CYC A (W CDk2)

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22
Q

IN what phase is Cyclin B high in

A

M phase

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23
Q

What process activates & deactivates CdKs

A

ATP>ADP phosphorylation induces chnge in protein conformation

24
Q

What role do kinases have in CdK regulation

A

phosphorylate proteins & activate or inactivate CdKs targets

25
Q

What role do phsophatase play in CdK regulation

A

dephosphorylate to activate mITOTIC CdK

26
Q

why type of feedback drives cell cycle regulation

A

positive feedback

27
Q

What cyclin and cdKs are required at Interphase - g1

A

CdK 4 & 6 & cyclin D add pic

28
Q

What checkpoint is at G1

A

restriction point - ensures cell is grown sufficiently for replication & no DNA damage ; checks interphase happened (S phase prep of cell growth & duplicated organelles))

29
Q

What happens at g1 restriction point if cells arent ready for S

A

G0 - go into cell cycle arrest ; quiescent cells i.e neurons, heart muscle cells & lung epithelial cells leave here

30
Q

at are quiescent cells

A

non dividing i.e lung epithelial , neurons & heart muscle cells

31
Q

What is pRB in G1 phase

A

phosphorylated Rb

32
Q

Recall the steps that occur when pRb binds e2f in G1

A

active pRB (unphosph.) binds e2f ; actively recruits HDACs = chromatin close ; PrB phosphorylated so inactived & E2F released to bind to transcription start sites ; S phase genes on & cdK2 phosphorylates Rb & inactives it

33
Q

g1 dna damage slide

A
34
Q

sources of dna damage

A

inheret rep ; UV & radiation ; free radicals ; sugar(glycation ) ; stress breathing drinking food ..

35
Q

What is p53 and its function

A

transcriptional activator for genes inv. in repair ; resp. for growth arrest & activates p21

36
Q

what is p21

A

21 kD protein that inhibits CDK activity when activated by p53 ; interacts directly w rep. machinery to halt rep. in S phase( in interphase)

37
Q

What main mechanism happens in S phase of interphase

A

DNA replication ; 46 chrosome pairs & 4 chromatids ; reg by cycA-cdk2

38
Q

What happens in G2 of interphase

A

cell growth & CD prep ; enzymes synthetized for mitosis

39
Q

What does the G2/M checkpoint do

A

check DNA integrity & replication is accurate etc.

40
Q

How many DNA damage checkpoints are there

A

2 ? and one splicing

41
Q

What occurs when DNA is damaged

A

DD checkpoint kinase 1 (ATR) activates chKinase1
- chK1 inhibits Cdc25a (phosphatase) so cant activate CdK1
- cHK1 activates Wee1 (w1 inhibits cdk1 by pshprylation)
- chK1 phosphorylates/activates p53
p53 activates cdk inhibitor p21
- results in cell cycle arrest & apoptosis

42
Q

What phase does the cell DNA seperate

A

M phase

43
Q

what happens in M phase which is regulated by
CYCB-CdK1

A

nuclear env. disasssembles = 2 identical dcells

44
Q

What 4 things happen in prophase

A

chromosome condenses ; nuclear env goes ; spindles move to diff sides of cells & sfibres (kinetochore) att to centromeres of chromosomes

45
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chr. line up

46
Q

what occurs in anaphase

A

centromeres snap & one copy of ch pulled to each pole (sister chromatids separate)

47
Q

Recall what occurs in telophase

A

ch. decondense & nuclear env reappears (pic of 2 unseparted cells joined in middle but have own set of chrosomes)

48
Q

Where is the spindle checkpoint and what does it check

A

in anaphase ; checks all sis chromatids attached to spindle properly ; full atchmt of chromatid set activates APC (anaphase promo complex) ; active APC…. fix using pic slide 48

49
Q

Microtubule attachment to centtrosome is associated with transition between what 2 phases

A

metaphase (centre line up) & anaphase (cchromosomes pulled awy)

50
Q

Mad2 component released if microtubules are not attched it prevents the destruction of what cyclin

A

cyclin b = MPF inactivated

51
Q

what happens to MAD2 if microtubules are attached to all chromosomes

A

no longer released & = cycB degradation triggering chromosome segragation

52
Q

What is a lamin (nuclear lamina) and where are they

A

below nuclear envelope inside nucleus ; network of intermediate filaments and assoc. proteins - participates in chromatin organisation & anchors nuclear pore complexes

53
Q

Why is lamin structure (inside nuclear pore) critical

A

mutations cause disease like progeria ; mutations cause RNA splicing to skip part of protein = smaller protein and disease

54
Q

what is rna splicing

A

rna cut to generate diff sequences of introns and exons for specific proteins

55
Q

alt splicing can result in diff proteins with diff functions linked to the basis of many )_________

A

diseases

56
Q

extra reading,…..

A

molec bio (2 decks)

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