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T2 stuff Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were the central powers?

A

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria

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2
Q

What was the Russian army known as?

A

The Russian Steamroller

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3
Q

When was the Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian Lake? What is significant about these battles?

A

August 1914 (approximately), was the first battles which the Russians fought against the Germans.

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4
Q

Why did the Russians lose the battle of Tannenberg? (List reasons)

A
  • Poorly led
  • Badly equipped (some regiments had only one rifle for every 10 men)
  • German commanders Hindenburg and Ludendorff were able to decode the secret Russian Battle plans in advance
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5
Q

How many Russian prisoners were taken in the Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian Lake?

A

135 000 Russian prisoners

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6
Q

Who was the Russian Tsar at the beginning of WW1

A

Nicholas II

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7
Q

When and Why did the Russian Tsar take charge of the Russian Army?

A

In 1915 - To attempt to improve the morale of the army, and help alleviate the situation

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8
Q

Which General took the place of the Tsar in leading the Russian army in 1916?

A

General Alexei Brusilov

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9
Q

How long was the eastern front which the Russians had to defend from the Germans?

A

8000 miles

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10
Q

When and how successful was the Brusilov offensive, and why was it eventually pushed back?

A
  • Lasting 3 weeks, managed to capture 250 000 German prisoners.
  • Lack of reserves led to Germans pushing Russians back, causing 1 000 000 casualties in 4 months
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11
Q

What did the results of the Brusilov Offensive lead to some of the Russian soldiers doing?

A

1 000 000 Russian soldiers deserted from the army

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12
Q

Why is October 1917 a significant date for Russia?

A

Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown by a revolution

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13
Q

Who was the Leader of the Russian Revolution, and what significant actions did he make?

A

Bolshevik leader Lenin seized power in Oct 1917 and wanted to make peace with Germany by signing a treaty

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14
Q

When and What was the name of the treaty which was signed between Russia and Germany? What did it entail?

A

Treaty of Brest-Litovskreaty shows that Germany had gained a large amount of territory from Russia. -Under the treaty 1/3 of wheat producing land, 1/4 of its population and 6,000 million deutschmarks was given to Germany for war damages - After the signing Russia was out of the war

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15
Q

What is a war of attrition?

A

A war where the opposing sides attempt to win the war by wearing down their enemies’ resources

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16
Q

What is a stalemate?

A

A situation where neither side can gain an advantage over the other

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17
Q

How were battles usually carried out in 1915?

A

Enemy trenches would be bombarded by artillery guns for 24 hrs, phase 2 usually involved infantry going over the top. The trenches were defended by barbed wire and machine guns.

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18
Q

When was the battle of Loos?

A

September 1915

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19
Q

Who was the commander of the allied forces at the battle of Loos? Which Armies were sent there?

A

Commander Douglais Haig, with the British 1st Army and French 10th Army

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20
Q

The battle of Loos was part of which Person’s plans? What was the main aim of the overall plan?

A

Marshal Joffre, to use a two-pronged offensive to push the Germans back from Artois, which would boost the allies morale.

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21
Q

Explain what happened during the battle of Loos.

A

On the 25th of Sep 1915 the British 1st army commanded by Sir Douglas Haig attacked German positions at Loos, using a two-pronged formation. Haig had found out that the area was flat and open to German machine gun fire. So he decided to attack on a very narrow frontage to have concentrated fire. He also discovered poison gas where he needed perfect conditions. However, as he needs to work with the French he could only attack on the 25th so if the weather was good he could release the gas and if not he would have to release the gas in the following days if weather permitted. The attack on Germany began successfully with 250,000 shells fired in 20 minutes. The gas was also released at 0515 but had no effect. However, in one place, the gas ended up poisoning 2632 of his own men. After the 1st day of the battle the reserve troops, who were meant to come earlier, finally arrived. These troops consisted of new soldiers who had just landed in France and forced to march 50 miles in 4 days.

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22
Q

When did the Gallipoli campaign begin?

A

February 1915

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23
Q

Which countries were involved in the Gallipoli campaign, and which sides were they on?

A

Allies: British, French, Australian, NZ

Central Powers: Turkey

24
Q

What was the nickname of Turkey at the beginning of the war? Why were they called that?

A

The soft underbelly of Europe, as they were Germany’s weakest allies

25
Q

Who developed the idea of the Gallipoli campaign, and why was it viewed as necessary?

A

Winston Churchill, who believed that by attacking Turkey and in turn supporting the Russians on the eastarn front, would change the course of the war in favour of the allies and would have broken the stalemate on the western front

26
Q

Who were the Westerners and Easterners?

A

Westerners were those who believed that a breakthrough was going to happen in the Western Front and the Easterners are those who believed that attacking Turkey would help win the War.

27
Q

What were the dardanelles, and why were they important?

A

The straits that protected the Turkish capital of Constantinople. The Allies planned to launch a naval attack through the dardanelles to reach the Turkish capital.

28
Q

Describe the naval attack on the Dardanelles

A
  • Used inexperienced troops as main troops left in the Western Front
  • Led by Sir John de Robeck and began in Feb 1915 -23 allied ships attacked the straits
  • Marines landed and spiked Turkish guns.
  • Naval attack was nearly successful until 3 allied ships were sunk by mines
  • Attack called off to prevent futher losses but the Turks were down to their last line of mines and Turkish gunners had run out of ammo
29
Q

Describe the events of the military campaign

A
  • supply shipments were loaded incorrectly and had to be sent back to Egypt to be reloaded. This took a month and Turkish spies spotted the Allies and the allies lost their element of surprise
  • Inexperienced General Sir Ian Hamilton was in charge but he had no up-to-date maps and his information on Turkish positions was from 1906.
  • On 25th April Allied forces attack on different parts of the Gallipoli peninsula.
  • In some areas, the troops dug trenches but an incorrect order was sent out and the troops were forced to retreat
  • The troops made unsuccessful attacks on each other’s front lines.
30
Q

How would the Gallipoli campaign help in the war?

A

If it was successful troops could help Russia with their fight on the Eastern Front.

31
Q

When was the Suvla Bay attack?

A

6th August 1915

32
Q

Which commander led the Allies in the Battle of Suvla Bay? What type of commander did Hamilton originally ask for, and what type of commander did he get?

A

Hamilton originally wanted an experienced commander, but instead was given General Stopford, an inexperienced commander who had never seen wartime before

33
Q

Describe the events of Suvla Bay

A
  • Stopford landed his raw recruits in the dark
  • the various units became very confused and could not identify each other
  • Sat on the beach for 2 days with no clear orders
  • When they were finally ready to move forward, the Turks were ready to resist them
34
Q

How many casualties did the British War Office predict there were going to be? What was the real number of casualties?

A

Thought there were going to be only 5,000 Allied casualties, but they lost 6,500 men in the first week alone

35
Q

How many casualties in the whole campaign on both sides?

A

500,000 casualties

36
Q

Since when have Britain held control of the sea?

A

In 1898 when Germany started building their own fleet.

37
Q

How many ships did Britain have in 1904

A

154

38
Q

Features of a Dreadnought

A
  • 21 knots
  • 5 twin turrets
  • Released in 1906
  • 27x70mm guns - 5 torpedo tubes
  • Armour up to 300 mm thick
  • Turbine engines.
39
Q

What did Sir John Fisher say in response to the list ageing warships?

A

“scrap the lot”.

40
Q

In 1914 how many dreadnoughts did each side have?

A

Britain had 18 dreadnoughts and Germany had 13 dreadnoughts.

41
Q

What had happened by December 1914 at the north sea? What were the British doing to the Germans?

A

The British had destroyed all German squadrons sailing outside of the North Sea, and were blocking neutral ships from trading with Germany

42
Q

Why was it important for Britain to hold control of the seas?

A
  • Forced to get resources from overseas and need sea to do that
  • did not want to lose it to rivals
  • to prevent neutral countries from trading with Germany -Britain is an island, so controlling the sea meant being able to protect themselves from invasion
43
Q

What is a blockade?

A

Where a nation uses the sea and their navy to stop a country from getting supplies through the seas. If a blockade is imposed it is possible to starve the blockaded country

44
Q

Who were the commanders from both sides during the Battle of Jutland?

A

Britain - Sir John Jellicoe

Germany - Admiral Reinhard Scheer

45
Q

Describe the Battle of Jutland

A
  • 31 May 1916
  • Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer planned to lure the British Grand Fleet in Rosyth by attacking merchant ships and use the rest of their ships to attack Jellicoe’s fleet, hoping to reduce the size of Jellicoe’s fleet.
  • However, Jellicoe was aware of Scheer’s plan and sailed out much earlier than expected and was instead waiting to attack Scheer.
  • Although Jellicoe’s fleet outnumbered Scheer’s, Scheer had much better guns and faster boats.
  • Scheer destroyed the HMS Indefatigable and the HMS Queen Mary costing 2,868 British lives.
  • The German fleet remained in port for the rest of the war.
46
Q

What does U-boat stand for

A

Untersee boat

47
Q

What is restricted submarine warfare

A

Submarine warfare where before an attack on a ship the submarine would warn the opposers

48
Q

What is unrestricted warfare

A

Submarine warfare where it is not required to warn the opposers.

49
Q

When was the Lusitania sunk? How many on board died in the Lusitania?

A

On 7 May 1915, 1,198 out of the 2000 passengers were killed by a single torpedo, and the boat sank in 18 minutes. Out of those who were killed, 168 were American.

50
Q

What effect did the sinking of the Lusitania have on Britain, USA and Germany

A

Britain- Claimed that Germany had ruthlessly sunk an unarmed passenger liner
USA-was furious and protested to the German government. Some called for USA to join the war, but they didn’t
Germany- called a halt to unrestricted warfare soon after the sinking.

51
Q

How many U boats did Germany have in 1917?

A

300 in service

52
Q

Why did Germany continue with the U boat campaign when it was certain that they would enrage USA?

A

Germany believed that Britain would have come to terms with them or be defeated before USA could do anything.

53
Q

What effect did Lord Jellicoe claim the U-boats had on Britain? When did he make this statement?

A

In April 1917, Lord Jellicoe claimed there were only 6 weeks of food supply left in Britain

54
Q

How many ships did the German U-boats sink in 1917 throughout each month?

A

Jan - 35 Feb - 86 Mar - 103 Apr - 155

55
Q

What methods were used to oppose the U-boats?

A

Q Ships - decoy ships disguised as merchant ships would wait for the submarine to surface so that they could warn the ship but before they could do that they were shot by the Q-boats.
Mines- destroyed more U boats than any other weapon. Depth Charges - Bombs that go off at a certain depth and were only second to mines
Long Range Aircraft - Used to sight U boats in the water and so can protect convoys
Convoys - US warships surrounded merchant ships, introduced in mid-1917. Depth Charges are even more effective in convoys.

56
Q

When did unrestricted and restricted warfare start and end?

A 
Beginning of 1915 - unrestricted warfare starts
May 1915 (after sinking of Lusitania) - unrestricted is called off, restricted begins
February 1917 - unrestricted restarts

History T2 (1 decks)

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