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VET608 > T2 Exam > Flashcards

T2 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Corneal Ulcer Classification

A

Superficial/uncomplicated

Complicated
- Non-healing >7days
- Penetrating
- Perforating

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2
Q

Corneal ulcer diagnosis

A

History, CS, ocular exam, positive fluorescein stain

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3
Q

How to treat a superficial, small, non-complicated ulcer sustained <2days ago?

A
  1. ABs e.g. chloramphenicol, tricin
  2. Systemic analgesia e.g. phenylbutazone
  3. Atropine (once off)

revisit in 2-3days

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4
Q

Corneal ulceration surgical options?

A
  1. debridement of melting and stromal abscesses
  2. Grafting
  3. Temporary tarsorrhaphies
  4. Enucleation
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5
Q

Steps when presented with a pruritic horse. (6)

A
  1. Skin scraping (superficial & deep)
    - ectoparasites
    Positive: treat
    Negative: ascaricidal trial
  2. Fungal culture
    - detrmatophyte
    Positive: treat
    Negative: rule out
  3. Bacterial infection
    - cytology of papule fluid
    - AB trial
  4. Consider allergies
    - insect bite trial
  5. Adverse food reactions (food allergy)
    - elimination diet
  6. Atopic dermatitis
    - serological/intradermal allergy testing
    - response to therapy
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6
Q

Drugs for pain relief in a colic case

A

xylazine: 0.4-0.6mg/kg IV
(double dose for IM)

Flunixin 1.1mg/kg
- Only if we have a diagnosis otherwise masks pain so can’t cage prognosis

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7
Q

Fluid Therapy Calculation

A

Deficit= %dehydration x BW
Maintenance= 60ml/kg/day (adult)
= 100ml/kg/day (foal)
Ongoing losses= estimated NG reflux, Diarrhea frequency x volume

First half within first 3-6hrs (~5-10l/hr)
second half within 24hrs (1-2l/hr)

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8
Q

How much fluid would a 500kg horse require if its 10% dehydrated with high volume diarrhoea (1L every 2hrs) in the first 24hrs?

A

Deficit
= 0.1 x 500
= 50L

maintenance
= 0.06x500
= 30L

Deficit
= 1 x 12
= 12L
total = 92L

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9
Q

What are the radiographic signs of physeal dysplasia? (7)

A
  • Physeal widening
  • Irregular physis outline
  • Sclerosis
  • Bone lipping
  • Asymmetry of metaphysis
  • Wedging of epiphysis
  • Asymmetry of cortical bone
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10
Q

At what age must you correct angular limb deformities of the Fetlock and Carpus/Tarsus?

A

Fetlock = 30-60days (closes ~90days)
Carpus/Tarsus = 6weeks-4m (closes around 6m)

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11
Q

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicosis pathogenesis.

A

PAs alkylate nucleic acids and protein prevents cell division and protein synthesis results in formation of MEGALOCYTES. Fibrous tissue replaces parenchyma when megalocytes die = liver fibrosis CHRONIC NODULAR LIVER HYPOPLASIA

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12
Q

PA toxicosis Histopathological findings (3)

A

megalocytosis, bridging portal fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia.

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13
Q

Common plants containing PAs

A
  • Paterson’s curse (Echium plantagineum)
  • Rattlepod (Crotalaria crispata)
  • Ragwort (Senecio spp) - not in AU
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14
Q

CS of hepatobiliary disease (6 common/6 uncommon)

A

Common = Icterus, weightloss, depression/lethargy, anorexia, colic, fever.

Less common = photosensitization, diarrhea, ventral oedema, ascites, encephalopathy, bleeding diathesis.

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15
Q

Liver enzymes for hepatocellular injury

A

AST, SDH, GLDH

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16
Q

Liver enzymes associated with Biliary injury/cholestasis

A

GGT, ALP

17
Q

Suspected causes of Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome

A

Maternal disease e.g.
- anaemia, lung/cardiac disease, cardiovascular shock (toxemia)

Placental disease
- premature placental separation, placental insufficiency, placentitis

Stage II labour
- placenta previa (red bag delivery), uterine inertia, dystocia, oxytocin

18
Q

5 main differential for sick looking foals

A
  1. Sepsis
  2. Uroperitoneum
  3. Neonatal maladjustment syndrome
  4. Neonatal isoerythrolysis
  5. Prematurity
19
Q

Most important bacterial cause of sepsis in foals

A

E.coli

20
Q

In what circumstance would a horse with cardiac disease be unsafe to ride?

A
  1. Diastolic murmurs
    • Aortic regurg until proven otherwise
    • Risk of ventricular ectopy
  2. Systolic murmurs
    • mitral valve regurg may lead to AF
  3. Bilateral murmurs
    • VSD unsafe in unrestrictive
  4. Uncommon/sudden-onset murmurs
21
Q

What are the types of perineal lacerations and their management?

A

First degree
- superficial mucosa and muscles of labia and vestibule
- local wound care e.g. AB’s, AI’s
- most will heal spontaneously

Second degree
- constrictor vulvae muscle & perineal body only
- debridement, superficial suturing, Caslick’s
- AB’s and AI’s

Third degree
- perineal body, anal sphincter and rectum
- delay corrective surgery for 6 weeks
- manual daily evacuation of vagina
- surgery = 2 stages
1. recreate shelf between rectum and
vagina
2. tension relieving sutures to restore
perineal body

22
Q

What are the 4 grades of rectal tears?

A

Grade 1: mucosa & submucosa
Grade 2: mucosa, submucosa & muscular
layer prolapse
Grade 3: all layer except serosa (subtype
a) or mesentery (subtype b)
Grade 4: full thickness tear

23
Q

Management of type 1 & 2 rectal tears?

A

CAREFULLY evacuate rectum and pack defect
Conservative management
- BS AB’s e.g. pent & gent
- tetanus toxoid
- flunixin
- supportive care e.g. IVFT
- Fast + stool softeners

24
Q

Management of type 3 & 4 rectal tears?

A

REFER to surgical facility
Surgical management
- in-dwelling rectal liner
- suture per rectum
- colostomy
- laparoscopic repair
- euthanasia if extensive contamination

25
Q

IgG levels in foals and what levels indicate successful passive transfer vs partial vs failure?

A

> 8g/L = PROTECTED
4-8g/L = PARTIAL PROTECTION (protected if well and in a clean environment
<4g/L = FAILURE of passive transfer

26
Q

When should you check passive transfer levels in foals?

A

<24hrs of age
maximum absorption <6hrs

27
Q

What are the complications associated with castration?

A
  1. Hemorrhage
  2. Oedema/swelling
  3. Infection (can lead to scirrhous cord)
  4. Herniation/Evisceration
  5. Hydrocoele
  6. Persistent masculine behaviour
28
Q

What is the drug of choice to treat AF in horses?

A

Quinidine Sulphate

29
Q

What are the consequences of Quinidine Sulphate toxicity?

A

Non-cardiac
- colic/diarrhoea/inappetence
- stertor/nasal oedema
- weakness/ataxia

Cardiac
- SVT
- Hypotension
- VT

30
Q

How do colic signs appear in a horse vs a foal?

A

Horse:
- recumbency
- stretching
- bruxism
- flehmen response
- arching of neck
- flank watching/biting
- pawing
-kicking at belly
- rolling
- posturing to lay down
- sweating
- posturing to urinate

Foal:
- Lie on their back
- bruxism

31
Q

How to diagnose foal meconium impaction?

A

Black to dark brown, pasty - firm faeces
Passage should be completed by 48hrs
Diagnostic test:
- digital rectal palpation
- US/RADS for a proximal compaction

32
Q

How to diagnose foal meconium impaction?

A

Black to dark brown, pasty - firm faeces
Passage should be completed by 48hrs
Diagnostic test:
- digital rectal palpation
- US/RADS for a proximal compaction

33
Q

Management of a meconium impaction

A

Supportive care
- IVFT or oral fluids if CS consistent with dehydration.
- Analgesia e.g. flunixin or meloxicam
- Enema e.g. soapy water then acetylcysteine

34
Q

How to administer an enema in a foal

A
  • warm soapy water
  • foal in lateral recumbency
  • lubricated foley catheter
  • 500ml-1L for 50kg foal
  • administered by gravity flow
  • max twice!
35
Q

What to do if fluid enema fails in a foal with a meconium impaction?

A

Acetylcysteine enema
- decreases viscosity of meconium
- kept in place for 30-45mins with foal sedated in lateral recumbency.
- excellent prognosis

VET608 (1 decks)

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