T2 Endocrine Dysfunction Flashcards

1
Q

Describe hypothyroidism; causes,

A

Goitre is an enlarged thyroid which can be caused by hyperthyroid. Appears nodular/diffuse.

It is a lack of iodine in h diet (Na+).

  • Congenital hypothyroidism
  • Hashimotos Disease (autoimmune)
  • Myxoedema: happens when condition is left untreated: puffy face. ↑ CT
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2
Q

Describe hypothyroidism; manifestations

A

1) Fatigue and low energy
2) Slow HR
3) Weight gain

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3
Q

Describe hypothyroidism;

treatment options

A

Iondine replacement where deficient.

Oral thyroxine.

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4
Q

Describe hyperthyroidism; causes,

A
  • Graves disease
  • Multinodular goitre
  • Adenoma
  • Ingestion of excessive t4
  • Iodine
  • Thyroid storm
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5
Q

Describe hyperthyroidism; , manifestations

A

Hypermetabolisim, ↑ SNS, ↑ HR, Palpitations, buldging on the eyes.

Graves disease: autoimmune, stimulation of thyroid gland; buldging eyes.

Nodules: lumps on gland, usually benign.

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6
Q

Describe hyperthyroidism;

treatment options

A

Drug therapy: aims to reduce conversion of t4 →t3

Surgery

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7
Q

Compare and contrast hypoparathyroidism and

hyperparathyroidism in terms of causes

A

Hypoparathyroidism: ↓ PTH levels, rare, leads to hypocalcaemia. Treated with Ca+ and vit D.
Hyperparathyroidisim (more common): ↑ PTH. Associated with benign tumour or hyperplasia. ↓ Ca+ = negative feedback. ↓ Ca+ in diet. leads to hypocalcaemia

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8
Q

Compare and contrast hypoparathyroidism and

hyperparathyroidism in terms of manifestations

A

Both leads to hypocalcaemia

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9
Q

Compare and contrast hypoparathyroidism and

hyperparathyroidism in terms of pharmacological options for treatment/management

A

Hypo is treated with calcium and vitamin D.

Hyper: drug therapy although inconclusive

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10
Q

Describe Addison disease; causes

A

Addisons disease is an autoimmune disease where the adrenal cortex becomes immunogenic and is destroyed.

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11
Q

Describe Addison disease; , manifestations

A

Mineralocorticoid deficiecy:
↓ aldosterone, Na+ loss, water loss
Hyponatraemia, loss of ECF, ↓ cardiac output, hyperkalaemia.
GLUCOCORTICOID DEFICIENCY: ↓ cortisol, ↓ gluconeogenesis, ↓ stress response.
Hypoglycaemia, feve, anorexia, nasusea, vomiting.
HYPERPIGMENTATION: From elevated ACTH and MSH level because of lack of negative feedback.

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12
Q

Describe Addison disease;

treatment options

A

1) Glucocorticoids: Replaces endogenous cortisol with synthetic long actions equivalents; prednisone. (vary in duration due to hald life, salt retention etc).
Side effects includ: catabolic immunosuppresoive actions of glucocorticoids.
2) Mineralcorticoids replace lost aldosterone.

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13
Q

Describe Cushing syndrome; causes

A

Manifestations of excess cortisol due to any cause is called Cushing’s syndrom.

1) Pituitary - ↑↑ ACTH by a tumour.
2) Adrenal tumour
3) Ectopic - nonpituitary malignant tumour
4) Iatrogenic Cusing syndrime - caused by long-term use of glucocorticoids.

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14
Q

Describe Cushing syndrome; manifestations

A
Hyper glycaema.
Purple skin thining
Alteral fat metabolism: muscle weakness ↓ protein breakdown
Na+ retention
Ca+ loss
Infertility
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15
Q

Describe Cushing syndrome;

treatment options

A
  1. Receptor antagonists
  2. Synthesis inhibitors: block corticol synthesis
  3. Surgical removal of adrenal glands
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16
Q

Describe pheochromocytoma; causes

A

Tumour located in adrena medulla. Secretes excessive amounts of adrenalline), resulting in hypertension.

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17
Q

Describe pheochromocytoma; manifestations

A

Headaches, nervousness, facial tremour, weakness, fatigue, weightloss

18
Q

Describe pheochromocytoma; options

A

Non-selective surgical excision (removal).

19
Q

Compare and contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes

mellitus in terms of causes,

A

Type 1 diabetes: Pathological loss of pancreatic beta cells, hence the ability to produce and secrete insulin.
Type 2 diabetes: Characterised by slowly developing resistance to or dysfunction in insulin signalling in muscle and fat cells.

20
Q

Compare and contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes

mellitus in terms of manifestations

A

Type 1: Severe hyperglycaemia, ketaogenesis, acidosis, dehydration
Type 2: ↑ blood glucose
↑ insulin , obesity/hypertension

21
Q

Compare and contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes
mellitus in terms of options
for treatment/management

A

Type 1: Insulin

Type 2:

22
Q

Describe the causes and consequences of untreated

gestational diabetes

23
Q

Outline the acute & chronic complications of diabetes

mellitus

24
Q

Describe the lifestyle and pharmacological management

options for treatment of diabetes mellitus

25
``` Compare and contrast the different types of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) and their treatment options ```
,
26
Describe hyper pituitary disorder causes
Symptoms include; headaches, vision problems:pressure on optic nerve.
27
List the causes and treatment options for hypopituitism
Mass lesions Radiation therapy Surgery - Long term: replacement of target gland hormones
28
Explain the cause, manifestations and pharmacological options for treatment/management of hyperprolactinaemia
PROLACTINOMA: Prolactin secreting hormone. Related to milk synthesis ( milk leaking) in both men and women. Related to actions to suppress LH. Manifestations include: menstral disturbances, infertility. Tx: Inhibt PRL secretion with dopamine agonist. Surgical removal of tumour.
29
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in terms of causes, manifestations and pharmacological options for treatment/management
Produced by hypothalamus, released by pituitary. Hypothalamus - detects osmolarity. Antidiuretic hormone. Hypersecretion of ADH:
30
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of growth hormone (GH) in childhood and adulthood in terms of causes, manifestations and pharmacological options for treatment/management M
Increased metabolic effects of excess GH. 'Giantisim', overgrown mandibule, forehead and height. Adult: acromegaly Children - gigantism
31
Differentiate the different types of pituitary tumours in | terms of manifestations and treatment options
Hy[erpituitarism: is a pituitary tumour (adenoma). Usually benign.
32
List the causes and treatment options for hypopituitism
,
33
Explain the cause | hyperprolactinaemia
,
34
Explain the manifestations of | hyperprolactinaemia
,
35
Explain the pharmacological options for treatment/management of hyperprolactinaemia
,
36
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in terms of causes,
,
37
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in terms of manifestations
,
38
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in terms of pharmacological options for treatment/management
,
39
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of growth hormone (GH) in childhood and adulthood in terms of causes
,
40
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of growth hormone (GH) in childhood and adulthood in terms of manifestations
,
41
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of growth hormone (GH) in childhood and adulthood in terms of pharmacological options for treatment/management
,