T2 Endocrine Dysfunction Flashcards
Describe hypothyroidism; causes,
Goitre is an enlarged thyroid which can be caused by hyperthyroid. Appears nodular/diffuse.
It is a lack of iodine in h diet (Na+).
- Congenital hypothyroidism
- Hashimotos Disease (autoimmune)
- Myxoedema: happens when condition is left untreated: puffy face. ↑ CT
Describe hypothyroidism; manifestations
1) Fatigue and low energy
2) Slow HR
3) Weight gain
Describe hypothyroidism;
treatment options
Iondine replacement where deficient.
Oral thyroxine.
Describe hyperthyroidism; causes,
- Graves disease
- Multinodular goitre
- Adenoma
- Ingestion of excessive t4
- Iodine
- Thyroid storm
Describe hyperthyroidism; , manifestations
Hypermetabolisim, ↑ SNS, ↑ HR, Palpitations, buldging on the eyes.
Graves disease: autoimmune, stimulation of thyroid gland; buldging eyes.
Nodules: lumps on gland, usually benign.
Describe hyperthyroidism;
treatment options
Drug therapy: aims to reduce conversion of t4 →t3
Surgery
Compare and contrast hypoparathyroidism and
hyperparathyroidism in terms of causes
Hypoparathyroidism: ↓ PTH levels, rare, leads to hypocalcaemia. Treated with Ca+ and vit D.
Hyperparathyroidisim (more common): ↑ PTH. Associated with benign tumour or hyperplasia. ↓ Ca+ = negative feedback. ↓ Ca+ in diet. leads to hypocalcaemia
Compare and contrast hypoparathyroidism and
hyperparathyroidism in terms of manifestations
Both leads to hypocalcaemia
Compare and contrast hypoparathyroidism and
hyperparathyroidism in terms of pharmacological options for treatment/management
Hypo is treated with calcium and vitamin D.
Hyper: drug therapy although inconclusive
Describe Addison disease; causes
Addisons disease is an autoimmune disease where the adrenal cortex becomes immunogenic and is destroyed.
Describe Addison disease; , manifestations
Mineralocorticoid deficiecy:
↓ aldosterone, Na+ loss, water loss
Hyponatraemia, loss of ECF, ↓ cardiac output, hyperkalaemia.
GLUCOCORTICOID DEFICIENCY: ↓ cortisol, ↓ gluconeogenesis, ↓ stress response.
Hypoglycaemia, feve, anorexia, nasusea, vomiting.
HYPERPIGMENTATION: From elevated ACTH and MSH level because of lack of negative feedback.
Describe Addison disease;
treatment options
1) Glucocorticoids: Replaces endogenous cortisol with synthetic long actions equivalents; prednisone. (vary in duration due to hald life, salt retention etc).
Side effects includ: catabolic immunosuppresoive actions of glucocorticoids.
2) Mineralcorticoids replace lost aldosterone.
Describe Cushing syndrome; causes
Manifestations of excess cortisol due to any cause is called Cushing’s syndrom.
1) Pituitary - ↑↑ ACTH by a tumour.
2) Adrenal tumour
3) Ectopic - nonpituitary malignant tumour
4) Iatrogenic Cusing syndrime - caused by long-term use of glucocorticoids.
Describe Cushing syndrome; manifestations
Hyper glycaema. Purple skin thining Alteral fat metabolism: muscle weakness ↓ protein breakdown Na+ retention Ca+ loss Infertility
Describe Cushing syndrome;
treatment options
- Receptor antagonists
- Synthesis inhibitors: block corticol synthesis
- Surgical removal of adrenal glands
Describe pheochromocytoma; causes
Tumour located in adrena medulla. Secretes excessive amounts of adrenalline), resulting in hypertension.
Describe pheochromocytoma; manifestations
Headaches, nervousness, facial tremour, weakness, fatigue, weightloss
Describe pheochromocytoma; options
Non-selective surgical excision (removal).
Compare and contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes
mellitus in terms of causes,
Type 1 diabetes: Pathological loss of pancreatic beta cells, hence the ability to produce and secrete insulin.
Type 2 diabetes: Characterised by slowly developing resistance to or dysfunction in insulin signalling in muscle and fat cells.
Compare and contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes
mellitus in terms of manifestations
Type 1: Severe hyperglycaemia, ketaogenesis, acidosis, dehydration
Type 2: ↑ blood glucose
↑ insulin , obesity/hypertension
Compare and contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes
mellitus in terms of options
for treatment/management
Type 1: Insulin
Type 2:
Describe the causes and consequences of untreated
gestational diabetes
,
Outline the acute & chronic complications of diabetes
mellitus
,
Describe the lifestyle and pharmacological management
options for treatment of diabetes mellitus
,
Compare and contrast the different types of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) and their treatment options
,
Describe hyper pituitary disorder causes
Symptoms include; headaches, vision problems:pressure on optic nerve.
List the causes and treatment options for hypopituitism
Mass lesions
Radiation therapy
Surgery
- Long term: replacement of target gland hormones
Explain the cause, manifestations and pharmacological options for treatment/management of hyperprolactinaemia
PROLACTINOMA: Prolactin secreting hormone.
Related to milk synthesis ( milk leaking) in both men and women.
Related to actions to suppress LH.
Manifestations include: menstral disturbances, infertility.
Tx: Inhibt PRL secretion with dopamine agonist.
Surgical removal of tumour.
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in terms of causes, manifestations and pharmacological options for treatment/management
Produced by hypothalamus, released by pituitary.
Hypothalamus - detects osmolarity. Antidiuretic hormone.
Hypersecretion of ADH:
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of growth hormone (GH) in childhood and adulthood in terms of causes, manifestations and pharmacological options for treatment/management M
Increased metabolic effects of excess GH.
‘Giantisim’, overgrown mandibule, forehead and height.
Adult: acromegaly
Children - gigantism
Differentiate the different types of pituitary tumours in
terms of manifestations and treatment options
Hy[erpituitarism: is a pituitary tumour (adenoma). Usually benign.
List the causes and treatment options for hypopituitism
,
Explain the cause
hyperprolactinaemia
,
Explain the manifestations of
hyperprolactinaemia
,
Explain the pharmacological
options for treatment/management of
hyperprolactinaemia
,
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in terms of causes,
,
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in terms of
manifestations
,
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in terms of pharmacological options for
treatment/management
,
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of
growth hormone (GH) in childhood and adulthood in
terms of causes
,
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of
growth hormone (GH) in childhood and adulthood in
terms of manifestations
,
Compare and contrast hypo- and hyper- secretion of
growth hormone (GH) in childhood and adulthood in
terms of pharmacological
options for treatment/management
,
