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t2 cram Flashcards

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1
Q

name the following: short form of an element

A

symbol

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2
Q

name the following: the number of hydrogen atoms which can combine with or displace one atom of the element or radical so as to form a compound

A

valency

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3
Q

what is the valency of all metals

A

positive

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4
Q

what is the valency of non metals

A

negative

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5
Q

name the following: a group of atoms of elements that behave like a single unit and shows a valency

A

radical

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6
Q

name the following: representations of a substance

A

chemical formula

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7
Q

valency of potassium

A

K 1+

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8
Q

valency of sodium

A

Na 1+

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9
Q

valency of carbide

A

C 4-

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10
Q

valency of nitride

A

N 3-

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11
Q

valency of hydrogen

A

H 1+

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12
Q

valency of chloride

A

Cl 1-

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13
Q

valency of phosphite

A

PO3 3-

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14
Q

valency of aluminium

A

Al 3+

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15
Q

valency of phosphate

A

PO4 3-

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16
Q

valency of chromium

A

Cr 3+

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17
Q

valency of sulphite

A

SO3 2-

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18
Q

valency of ammonium

A

NH4 1+

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19
Q

valency of calcium

A

Ca 2+

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20
Q

valency of magnesium

A

Mg 2+

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21
Q

valency of zinc

A

Zn 2+

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22
Q

valency of chlorate

A

ClO3 1-

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23
Q

valency of hypochlorite

A

ClO 1-

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24
Q

valency of lithium

A

Li 1+

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25
Q

valency of barium

A

Ba 2+

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26
Q

valency of nickel

A

Ni 2+

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27
Q

valency of sulphate

A

SO4 2-

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28
Q

valency of cobalt

A

Co 2+

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29
Q

valency of sulphide

A

S 2-

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30
Q

valency of carbonate

A

CO3 2-

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31
Q

valency of uranium

A

U 2+

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32
Q

valency of bromide

A

Br 1-

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33
Q

valency of iodide

A

I 1-

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34
Q

valency of hydroxide

A

OH 1-

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35
Q

valency of oxide

A

O 2-

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36
Q

valency of nitrite

A

NO2 1-

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37
Q

valency of chromate

A

CrO4 2-

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38
Q

valency of dichromate

A

Cr2O7 2-

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39
Q

valency of peroxide

A

O2 2-

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40
Q

valency of nitrate

A

NO3 1-

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41
Q

valency of hydrogen bicarbonate

A

HCO3 1-

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42
Q

valency of hydrogen bisulphite

A

HSO3 1-

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43
Q

valency of silicate

A

SiO3 2-

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44
Q

valency of aluminate

A

AlO2 1-

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45
Q

valency of zincate

A

ZnO2 2-

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46
Q

valency of plumbite

A

PbO2 2-

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47
Q

valency of hydrogen bisulphate

A

HSO4 1-

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48
Q

valency of permanganate

A

MnO4 1-

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49
Q

valency of cupric

A

Cu 2+

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50
Q

valency of cuprous

A

Cu 1+

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51
Q

valency of argentous

A

Ag 1+

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52
Q

valency of argentic

A

Ag 2+

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53
Q

valency of mercurous

A

Hg 1+

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54
Q

valency of mercuric

A

Hg 2+

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55
Q

valency of aurous

A

Au 1+

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56
Q

valency of auric

A

Au 3+

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57
Q

valency of ferrous

A

Fe 2+

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58
Q

valency of Ferric

A

Fe 3+

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59
Q

valency of plumbous

A

Pb 2+

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60
Q

valency of plumbic

A

Pb 4+

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61
Q

valency of stannous

A

Sn 2+

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62
Q

valency of stannic

A

Sn 4+

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63
Q

valency of Manganous

A

Mn 2+

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64
Q

valency of manganic

A

Mn 4+

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65
Q

valency of platinous

A

Pt 2+

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66
Q

valency of platinic

A

Pt 4+

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67
Q

what is the formula of nitric acid

A

HNO3

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68
Q

formula of sulphuric acid

A

H2SO4

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69
Q

formula of carbonic acid

A

H2CO3

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70
Q

formula of phosphoric acid

A

H3PO4

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71
Q

formula of acetic acid

A

CH3COOH

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72
Q

formula of gypsum

A

CaSO4. 2H2O

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73
Q

formula of blue vitriol

A

CuSO4. 5H2O

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74
Q

formula of epsom salt

A

MgSO4. 7H2O

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75
Q

formula of green vitriol

A

FeSO4. 7H20

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76
Q

formula of glaubers salt

A

Na2SO4. 10H20

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77
Q

formula of washing soda

A

Na2CO3. 10 H2O

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78
Q

what is the formula of methane

A

CH4

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79
Q

formula of ethane

A

C2H6

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80
Q

formula of propane

A

C3H8

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81
Q

formula of butane

A

C4H10

82
Q

formula of methanol

A

CH3OH

83
Q

formula of ethanol

A

C2H5OH

84
Q

formula of propanol

A

C2H7OH

85
Q

name the following: the number of times one atom of an element is heavier than 1/12 the mass of an atom of carbon

A

relative atomic mass

86
Q

name the following: the number of times one molecule of the substance is heavier than 1/12 the mass of an atom of carbon

A

relative molecular mass

87
Q

what is the formula of tetra amine zinc sulphate

A

[Zn(NH3)4]SO4

88
Q

tetra amine copper 2 sulphate formula

A

[Cu(NH3)4]SO4

89
Q

diamine silver chloride formula

A

[Ag(NH3)2]Cl

90
Q

the force which acts between two or more atoms to hold them together as a stable molecule is called a ____

A

chemical bond

91
Q

the chemical bond formed by transfer of electrons from the atom of a metallic element to an atom of a non metallic element is called____

A

electrovalent bond

92
Q

the chemical bond formed due to the mutual sharing of electrons is called

A

covalent bond

93
Q

what are 4 characteristics of chemical reactions

A

change of colour
evolution of a gas
formation of a precipitate
evolution or absorption of heat

94
Q

list an observation in the heating of copper 2 nitrate

A

blue copper 2 nitrate turns into black copper 2 oxide

95
Q

list an observation of heating on lead 2 nitrate

A

white lead 2 nitrate turns into yellow litharge

96
Q

what is the reaction of sodium sulphite with dilute sulphuric acid

A

Na2SO3 + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2

97
Q

what is the reaction of calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid

A

CaCO3 + 2HCL -> CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3

98
Q

what is the reaction of ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide

A

CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3

99
Q

what effect does carbon dioxide have on KMnO4 paper

A

no effect

100
Q

what effect does carbon dioxide have on K2Cr2O7 paper

A

From orange –> green

101
Q

what effect does so2 have on Pink KMnO4

A

it turns it colourless

102
Q

what effect does ammonia have on litmus

A

Red –> Blue

103
Q

what is the colour of lead chloride

A

white precipitate

104
Q

what is the colour of copper 2 hydroxide

A

pale blue ppt.

105
Q

what r the 4 types of reactions

A

synthesis, decomposition, displacement, double decomposition

106
Q

list the metal reactivity series

A 
please- Potassium
stop- sodium
calling- calcium
me- magnesium
a- aluminium
careless- carbon
zebra- zinc
instead- iron
try- tin
learning- lead
how- hydrogen
copper- copper
saves- silver
gold- gold
platinum- platinum
107
Q

from where to where in the reactivity series are oxides stable to heat

A

K to Cu

108
Q

what is the structure of Hg and Ag oxides in thermal decomposition reactions

A

metal + oxygen

109
Q

what 2 hydroxides are stable to heat

A

K, Na

110
Q

what is the structure of Ca to Cu hydroxide under heat

A

Metal oxide + water

111
Q

which 2 carbonates r stable to heat

A

K, Na

112
Q

what is the structure of Ca to Cu carbonate under heat

A

metal oxide + co2

113
Q

what do K and Na nitrate give under heat

A

nitrite + oxygen

114
Q

what do ca to cu nitrates give under heat

A

metal oxide + no2 + o2

115
Q

what do hg and ag nitrites give under heat

A

metal + no2 + o2

116
Q

what is the reaction of heat on ammonium dichromate

A

(NH4)2Cr2O7 –> Cr2O3 + 4H2O + N2

117
Q

list an observation about Iron 2 hydroxide

A

Dirty green ppt.

118
Q

is iron 2 hydroxide soluble

A

no

119
Q

list an observation on Iron 3 hydroxide

A

reddish brown

120
Q

is iron 3 hydroxide soluble

A

insoluble

121
Q

list an observation on copper 2 hydroxide

A

pale blue ppt.

122
Q

is copper 2 hydroxide soluble

A

insoluble

123
Q

is zinc hydroxide soluble

A

yes

124
Q

list an observation on zinc hydroxide

A

gelatinous white

125
Q

list an observation on lead 2 hydroxide

A

chalky white ppt

126
Q

is lead 2 hydroxide soluble

A

yes

127
Q

which chemical reaction proceeds with evolution of heat energy

A

exothermic reaction

128
Q

which chemical reaction proceeds with absorption of heat energy

A

endothermic reaction

129
Q

which chemical reaction proceeds with absorption of light energy

A

photochemical reaction

130
Q

why are silver salts kept in dark colored bottles

A

4AgBr –> 2Ag2Br + Br2 in the presence of sunlight

131
Q

which chemical reaction proceeds with the absorption of electrical energy

A

electrochemical reaction

132
Q

what is the universal solvent

A

water

133
Q

why is water called the universal solvent

A

it has the ability to dissolve a large number of substances and gases

134
Q

what is a homogenous mixture of a solute in a solvent

A

solution

135
Q

what is a solution which can dissolve more of the solute at a given temperature

A

unsaturated solution

136
Q

what is a solution which cannot dissolve more of the solute at a given temperature

A

saturated solution

137
Q

list 2 ways a saturated solution can be converted to an unsaturated solution

A
  • by heating the saturated solution slowly

- by adding more solvent

138
Q

what is a solution which can hold more of the solute at a given temperature than that present in a saturated solution

A

super saturated solution

139
Q

name a substance with which it is possible to cool a saturated solution without excess solute crystallizing out

A

Na2SO4. 10H2O

140
Q

what is the maximum amount of the solute in grams that will saturate at a particular temperature

A

solubility

141
Q

give an example of a solid which increases in solubility with rise in temp.

A

KNO3

142
Q

give an example of a solid which increases slightly in solubility with rise in temperature

A

NaCl

143
Q

give an example of a solid whose solubility decreases with rise in temperature

A

CaSO4

144
Q

what is the process by which crystals are separated or deposited from a hot saturated solution of a substance on cooling gently called

A

crystallisation

145
Q

rapid cooling of a hot saturated soln. results in the formation of _____

A

amorphous solids

146
Q

what is the fixed number of water molecules which enters into a loose chemical combination with the substance when the substance is crystallised from its hot saturated solution called

A

water of crystallisation

147
Q

what is responsible for the geometric shape and colour of the crystal

A

water of crystallisation

148
Q

___ contains fixed number of water molecules

A

hydrated substance

149
Q

___ does not contain any fixed number of molecules

A

anhydrous substance

150
Q

give an example of a hydrated substance

A

CuSO4. 5H2O

151
Q

give an example of an anhydrous substance

A

KNO3

152
Q

list the reaction on the effect of heat on CuSO4.5H2O

A

CuSO4.5H20 -> CuSO4 + 5H2O

153
Q

What is the structure of hydrous copper sulphate before and after heating

A

before : blue crystals

after : white powder

154
Q

what is the the shape of hydrous copper sulphate before and after heating

A

Before : definite geometric shape

after: no geometric shape

155
Q

what is the nature of hydrated copper sulphate before and after heating

A

crystalline, amorphous

156
Q

what are crystalline hydrated salts which on exposure to the atmosphere lose their moisture partly or completely to it

A

efflorescent substance

157
Q

what is the state efflorescent substances turn into

A

amorphous

158
Q

what is the state deliquescent substances turn into

A

liquid state

159
Q

what are water soluble salts which on exposure to the atmosphere absorb moisture from the atmosphere and dissolve in the moisture

A

deliquescent substances

160
Q

give an example of efflorescent and deliquescent crystals

A

washing soda, calcium chloride

161
Q

why is efflorescence minimum during humid conditions

A

this is because efflorescence occurs when the vapor pressure of the hydrated crystals exceeds the vapor pressure of the atmospheric humidity

162
Q

why is deliquescence minimum during dry conditions

A

this is because deliquescence occurs when the vapor pressure of the atmospheric humidity exceeds the vapor pressure of the crystal solution

163
Q

why does common salt turn moist on exposure to air

A

this is because it is not deliquiscent but contains a small amount of calcium and magnesium chloride impurities which are deliquescent

164
Q

what is a substance which absorbs moisture from the atmosphere but does not change its state

A

hygroscopic subtance

165
Q

list an example of hygroscopic substance

A

Quicklime [CaO]

166
Q

what are substances which can readily absorb or remove moisture from other substances

A

drying agents

167
Q

name a deliquescent drying agent

A

Fused Calcium Chloride

168
Q

what remove chemically combined water or elements of water from compounds due to their strong affinity for water

A

dehydrating agents

169
Q

what is hygroscopic drying and dehydrating agent

A

concentrated sulphuric acid

170
Q

list a liquid hygroscopic substance

A

concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4

171
Q

who arranged elements in triands

A

dobereiner

172
Q

why did law of triads fail, 2 reasons

A

the method didnt hold true for all elements

properties of elements in triads were not similar

173
Q

who arranged elements in increasing order of weight in series of eights

A

new land

174
Q

list 2 defects of newland

A

it failed to leave spaces for undiscovered elements

it failed with heavy metals beyond K

175
Q

list 3 defects of mendeleefs table

A
  • some pairs of elements having higher atomic weights have been given positions before the elements having lower atomic weights
  • position of rare earths and actinides could only be justified if arranged according to their atomic numbers
  • isotopes had to be placed in same position according atomic numbers.
176
Q

list 6 contributions of mendeleed

A

elements were arranged in horizontal periods and vertical groups

elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together

elements in the same group had same valency and similar chemical properties

gaps were left in the table for undiscovered elements

incorrect atomic weights were corrected with the knowledge of adjacent elements atomic weight

properties of undiscovered elements left in the vacant gaps was predicted

177
Q

list a difference between mosleys classification and mendeleefs contributions

A

most defects disappear if the basis of classification of elements is changed from atomic weights to atomic numbers

178
Q

why do elements arranged in increasing order of atomic number show similarity in properties after regular internals

A

physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers

179
Q

how many groups and periods r there

A

7 periods, 18 groups

180
Q

what is the modern periodic table

A

mosleys classification

181
Q

how are elements in periods arranged

A

in increasing order of atomic numbers

182
Q

what do group numbers signify

A

valence electrons of an element

183
Q

is iron reacting with steam irreversible

A

no, it is reversible

184
Q

what is the reaction between iron and steam

A

3Fe + 4H2O -> Fe3O4 + 4H2

185
Q

give an example of neutralization

A

NaOH + HCl -> NaCl + H2O

186
Q

give an example of precipitation

A

CaCl2 + Na2CO3 -> 2NaCl + CaCO3

187
Q

how is hydrogen gas collected in preparation of hydrogen by labratory method

A

downward displacement of water

188
Q

what is the observation in preparation of hydrogen by action of dilute acid on zinc

A

a brisk effervescence is seen with the evolution of hydrogen gas

189
Q

state the reaction in action of dilute acid on zinc

A

Zn + 2HCL [dil.] -> ZnCl2 + H2

190
Q

what is the reaction in electrolysis of water

A

2H2O -> 2H2 + O2 with electric current on arrow

191
Q

why is granulated zinc preferred in preparation of hydrogen

A

granulated zinc is obtained from molten zinc with traces of impurities of cu which has a slight catalyzing effect

192
Q

list 2 precautions in preparation of hydrogen

A
  • no leakage of gas should take place

- apparatus must be air tight as hydrogen forms explosive mixture with air

193
Q

why cant nitric acid be used in preparation of hydrogen

A

it is a strong oxidizing agent to it does not yield hydrogen with metals as all the hydrogen gets oxidized to water

194
Q

why cant we use lead in place of zinc in preparation of hydrogen

A

this is because lead forms a coating of salt on the metal and reaction stops

195
Q

what are the three steps of bosch process

A

Production of water gas
reduction of steam to hydrogen by carbon monoxide
separation of carbon dioxide and unreacted carbon monoxide from the mixture

196
Q

what is reaction for production of water gas

A

C + H2O -> CO + H2 - heat sign. Put 1000 degrees celsius above arrow

197
Q

what is reaction for reduction of steam to hydrogen by carbon monoxide.

A

CO + H2 +H2O -> CO2 +2H2 + heat sign. put 450 degrees celsius and Fe2O3 on arrow

198
Q

reaction for removal of co2

A

2KOH + CO2 -> K2CO3 + H2O

199
Q

reaction for removal of CO

A

CuCl + CO + 2H2O -> CuCl.CO.2H2O

200
Q 
what do the following grps contain
1-2
3-12
13-17
18
A

reactive metals
transition elements
non metals
inert gases

201
Q

what r the 4 types of oxidation

A

addition of oxygen
removal of hydrogen
addition of electronegative element
removal of electro positive element

202
Q

what r the 4 types of reduction

A

removal of oxygen
addition of hydrogen
removal of electronegative element
addition of electro positive element

Chemistry (4 decks)

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