T1L1: Introduction to anatomy Flashcards
What is the definition of anatomy?
The definition of anatomy is the study of the structures of the body.
What is the etymology of the word anatomy?
Anatomy is derived from the word ‘temnein’ which means ‘to cut’ which is a testament to its roots in dissection.
What are the 6 main areas we study in anatomy, explain them?
We study:
- Histology – The study of microscopic structures
- Gross anatomy – the study of the macroscopic structures in the body
- Imaging – the study of the interpreting images and imaging techniques
- Embryology – the study of embryos in foetal development
- Surface anatomy - the study of the structure of the surfaces of structures in the body.
- Osteology – the study of the structure of the bones in the body.
Explain the 6 main reasons why knowing your anatomy is important.
Anatomy is significant as:
- It allows us to relate structure to function
- It is the basis for intervention
- It is the basis for physical examination
- It allows us to inform pathology
- It allows us to understand natural variation
- It allows us to interpret images
Describe the anatomical position. (5)
The anatomical position is:
- Feet together, toes pointing forward
- Hands by the side palms facing forward
- Face neutral, looking forward with mouth closed
- Inferior margin of orbit level with the external auditory meatus
- Penis/Clitoris erect
What are the three planes we use in anatomy?
1) Sagittal
2) Coronal
3) Transverse/ Axial, Horizontal
What are the 14 terms we use to describe a location in anatomy? What do they mean?
Superficial – towards the surface
Deep – towards the inside
Lateral – away from the midline
Medial - towards the midline
Superior – above something
Inferior – below something
Anterior – in front of something
Posterior – behind something
Ventral – in front of something(used in embryology)
Dorsal – behind something(used in embryology)
Cranial – towards the head (used in embryology)
Caudal – towards the ‘tail’ (sacrum) (used in embryology)
Proximal – close to something
Distal – away from something
What are the 10 terms we use to describe movement in anatomy?
Flexion – decreasing the angle at a joint
Extension – Increasing the angle at a joint
Abduction – movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction – the movement towards the midline
Supination – the lateral rotation of the hand or foot
Pronation – the medial rotation of the hand or foot
Elevation – upwards movement
Depression – downwards movement
Rotation – circular movement along the axis
Circumduction – circular movement around the axis
What is the thoracic cage made up of? (5)
The vertebrae
Intervertebral discs
Ribs
Sternum
Costal cartilage
What are the functions of the thoracic cage?(2)
Muscle attachment
Protection of the viscera
What structure is the thoracic cage related to?
The thoracic cage is related to the pectoral girdle – which is the scapula and clavicle
How many ribs are there?
12 pairs
Explain the two ways we can classify ribs. Also what ribs fall into these classifications.
We classify ribs in the following ways:
True, False and Floating – this is based on if they directly, indirectly or don’t attach to the sternum via their costal cartilage.
Ribs 11 and 12 are floating Ribs 8 – 10 are false
Ribs 1-7 are true
Atypical and typical – this is based on their structure
Ribs 1,2,10,11 and 12 are atypical
Ribs 3-9 are typical
Draw a labelled diagram of a typical rib. (2)
Draw labelled diagrams of typical thoracic vertebrae one in the superior view and another in the lateral view.
Draw 3 labelled diagrams showing how the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae.
Which ribs only articulate with one vertebra?
Ribs 1,11 and 12 of articulate with one vertebra facet
Draw a diagram of the pectoralis major.
Draw a diagram of pectoralis minor.
What are the 3 muscles that make up the intercostal muscles?
External
Internal
Innermost
Draw a diagram showing the intercostal muscles, and their innervations.
Draw a diagram of the serratus anterior.
What are the 7 different joints will you expect to find in the thoracic cage?
The joints you’d expect to find in the thoracic cage are:
Intervertebral – the joints between the vertebrae
Costovertebral – joints between the head of the ribs and the vertebral body
Costotransverse – joints between the tubercle of the rib and the transverse process of the vertebrae
Interchondral – joints between the costal cartilage
Costochondral – joints between the ribs and the costal cartilage
Sternocostal/sternochondral – joints between the costal cartilage and the sternum
Sternoclavicular – joints between the sternum and the clavicle
What is the origin/proximal attachment of the pectoralis major?
The origin/proximal attachment of the pectoralis major is (Clavicle and sternum):
The medial half of the clavicleAnterior surface of the sternum
First 7 costal cartilages
Aponeurosis of the external oblique
What is the insertion/distal attachment of the pectoralis major?
The insertion/distal attachment of the pectoralis major is the lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of humerus(humerus)
What is the innervation of the pectoralis major?
The innervation of the pectoralis major the medial and lateral pectoral nerves.
What is the function of the pectoralis major?
Adduction
Medial rotation
Flexion of the humerus at shoulder joint
What is the origin/proximal attachment of the pectoralis minor?
The anterior surface of ribs 3,4 and 5
What is the insertion/distal attachment of the pectoralis minor?
The insertion/distal attachment of the pectoralis minor is the coracoid process of the scapula.
What is the function of the pectoralis minor?
Stabilises scapula
Depresses tip of the shoulder
Protract scapula
What is the innervation of pectoralis minor?
The innervation the pectoralis minor is the medial pectoral nerve
What is the origin/proximal attachment of serratus anterior?
The lateral anterior surfaces of ribs 1 to 8 (maybe 9)
What is the insertion/distal attachment of the serratus anterior?
The insertion/distal attachment of the serratus anterior is the costal surface of the medial border of the scapula.
What is the function of the serratus anterior?
the protraction of the scapula
Rotation of the scapula
Keeps the medial border opposed to the thoracic wall
What is the innervation of the serratus anterior?
The innervation of the serratus anterior is the long thoracic nerve
What arrangement would find the arteries, veins, and nerves in the subcostal groove?
The arrangement is, from top to bottom:
- Vein
- Artery
- Nerves
What are the 2 arterial supplies of the thoracic cage?
Thoracic aorta which makes the posterior intercostal arteries
Subclavian which makes anterior intercostal arteries
