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T12 Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 steps of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
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2
Q

Simply put, what does prophase do ? (mitosis)

A

It coils up and separates the DNA.

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3
Q

Specifically, describe what happens in Prophase (mitosis).

A
  • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • The centrosomes sperate and move around the nucleus : the spindle fibers expend and form the mitotic spindle.
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4
Q

Specifically explain what happens in Prometaphase.

A
  • Nuclear membrane breaks down
  • Centrosomes are at opposites ends of the cell
  • Some spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores (centromeres region)
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5
Q

What is kinetochore ?

A

A structure

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6
Q

Explain the movement of the chromosomes along the spindle fibers ?

A

They move along like a train on a railroad. The spindle fibers don’t pull on anything.

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7
Q

What is a nonkinetochore microtubules ?

A

Spindle fibers that aren’t attached to the kinetochore structure.

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8
Q

Simply put, what happens in Metaphase ?

A

Alignment

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9
Q

Explain in details what happens in Metaphase ?

A
  • The pairs of sister chromatids become aligned along the cell midline (metaphase plate).
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10
Q

What is the metaphase plate ?

A

The line where the chromosomes align.

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11
Q

In which phase can we find aster ?

A

All phases of mitosis.

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12
Q

Briefly explain what happens during Anaphase ?

A

The sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes

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13
Q

What happens specifically in Anaphase ?

A

The kinetochores pull the two sister-chromatids apart, one towards each centrosome.

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14
Q

What happens specifically in Telophase ?

A

The chromosomes loosen back into chromatin.
The spindle fibers disappear.
Nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes.
Cleavage furrow forms.

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15
Q

What phases happen at the same time in Mitosis ?

A

Telophase and Cytokinesis

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16
Q

What is a cleavage furrow ?

A

The little separation of the cell in Telophase and Cytokinesis

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17
Q

When does the nucleolus form ?

A

During Telophase and Cytokinesis.

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18
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis ?

A

The cleavage furrow develops as the contractile ring closes.
The two daughter cells are separated.

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19
Q

T or F : At the end of Mitosis, the new daughter cells have different genetic information.

A

F : They have identical genetic information.

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20
Q

What do we call the part where the daughter cells remain attach during Mitosis ?

A

Contractile ring.

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21
Q

T or F: All cells in your body actively participate in the cell cycle. Explain your choice.

A

False, certain tissues do not require rapid replenishing of the cells. (ex.: brain, spinal cord)

22
Q

What is G0 phase ?

A

The place where a few cells pause, between M and S phase.

23
Q

How long can a cell stay in G0 ?

A

From a few days to more than a year.

24
Q

What is the distinction between G0 and G1?

A

In G0, there is no preparation for S phase.

25
Explain what the brain and the spinal chord do in the cell cycle ?
They are forever in G0. They have a hard time with cell replication.
26
What happens when cells divide when they should not ?
Non-functional cells keep reproducing, therefore they fail to complete their task.
27
Do all cells divide ?
No.
28
What are check points in the cell ?
Cyclical operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.
29
What is a way that the cell makes sure it is ok ?
The cell checks itself to make an assessment if everything is ok.
30
T or F: In case of cancer, the cell is stopped by the checkpoint ?
F : No, if the cell is cancerous, it bypasses the checkpoints, meaning it can keep on being defective without its growth being stopped.
31
Where are the checkpoints located in the cell cycle ?
G1, G2 right before mitosis and during M, during mitosis.
32
What allows the cell to pass the checkpoints?
Cyclins, check point proteins
33
What are cyclins ?
Check point proteins to ensure that a cell is ready for the next stage.
34
T or F: The production of cancerous cells is accelerated, along with the production of cyclins.
T
35
What is apoptosis ?
The death cycle of the cell
36
How many cells die everyday?
More than 50 millions.
37
What triggers apoptosis (3) ?
Harsh environments (heat, radiation, low oxygen) Exposure to external factors or signals Signals from other cells
38
At what peculiar stage of development can apoptosis occur ?
Embryonic development
39
What is the purpose of proteolytic caspases ?
It breaks the peptide bond in many proteins.
40
What is the first step of apoptosis?
Internal or external triggers activate proteolytic caspases which break the peptide bonds in many proteins.
41
What does the break of the peptide bonds cause ?
The second step of apoptosis. Fragmentation of the cell's DNA and the nucleus
42
After fragmenting, what is the third step of apoptosis?
The cell blebs and shrinks which leads to it becoming small fragments.
43
What is the last stage of apoptosis ?
The cell sends out signals for cells (white cells like macrophages) to come and perform phagocytosis on the cell fragments (goes to digest it).
44
What happens with Alzheimer's or Parkinson with the cell ?
There is too much death, apoptosis is happening too much.
45
What is happening with cell when it has cancer ?
It is reproducing too fast and there isn't enough apoptosis.
46
What is necrosis?
The disorganized, unplanned bursting of the cell
47
What happens when necrosis occurs ?
Inflammation and other harmful effects to the body as the the contents spill into the ECM.
48
Can the body prevent cancer ?
No, but it has quite a few mechanisms to prevent it aka the checkpoints.
49
Name a few things the cancer does to stay alive
Resisting cell death Evading growth suppressors Avoiding immune destruction Tumor-promoting inflammation
50
What are the four new hallmarks and enabling characteristics recently found in cancer studies?
1. Unlocking phenotypic plasticity 2. Nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming 3.Polymorphic microbiomes 4.Senescent cells
51
During which mitosis phase is th eterm daugther chromosome used ?
When they separate in Anaphase.

Cellular Biology (5 decks)

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