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Anatomical Pathology > T11 > Flashcards

T11 Flashcards

1
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Enlargement of an organ, or a tissue within it, due to an increase in the number of cell

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2
Q

What is an example of hyperplasia?

A

growth of breast in pregnancy

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3
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Reversible change in the character of a tissue from one mature cell type to another

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4
Q

What is an example of metaplasia?

A

resp. epithelium replaced with squamous epithelium in bronchi of smokers

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5
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Abnormal growth and differentiation of a tissue; in epithelia, often a feature of the early stages of neoplasia

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6
Q

Define neoplasia

A

Autonomic, uncontrolled development of new but useless tissue that stimulates the tissue of origin that continues to grow after removal of initiating factor. Loss of normal cell growth control through mutations. Can be benign or malignant

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7
Q

What is neoplastic transformation?

A

Neoplastic transformation of a single cell results in the growth of a tumour

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8
Q

Describe the process of tumour angiogenesis

A

Nodule, limited by the ability of nutrients to diffuse into it, to a diameter of 1-2 mm. Production of angiogenic factors stimulates the proliferation and ingrowth of blood vessels, enabling tumour growth to be supported by perfusion. Eventually, the tumour outgrows its blood supply, and areas of necrosis appear, resulting in slower growth.

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9
Q

What happens when oncogenes / tumour suppressor genes are mutated?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation

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10
Q

What are the factors relating to tumour incidence?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Geographic
  • Genetic
  • Environmental (carcinogens)
  • Environmental factors and genetic predisposition
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11
Q

What is the parenchymal structure of tumours?

A
  • Neoplastic cells
  • Reproduce to a variable extent the grown pattern and synthetic activity of parent cell of origin.
  • Can continue to synthesise + secrete cell products (accumulate in cell often or secreted into blood)
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12
Q

What is the stromal structure of tumours?

A
  • Tumour microenvironment

- Supportive connective tissue and blood vessels

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13
Q

What are the macroscopic morphological patterns of neoplasia?

A
  • Sessile: E.g. flat adenoma in GIT
  • Pedunculated polyp/polypoid: E.g. adenomatous polyp in colon
  • Papillary: fingerlike e.g. villous adenoma
  • Exophytic/fungating: E.g. colon carcinoma
  • Ulcerated: E.g. colon carcinoma
  • Annular/stenosing: E.g. usual in viscus, e.g. GIT (colon carcinoma)
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14
Q

List characteristics of a benign tumour

A 
Slow growth
Well differentiated 
Localized
No metastases 
Not fatal
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15
Q

List characteristics of a malignant tumour

A 
Rapid growth
Less differentiated
Infiltrating, destructive, poorly circumscribed
Often metastases
Often fatal
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16
Q

Explain the principle of histogenetic classification

A
  • Specific cell/tissue of origin of an individual tumour

- Tumours are named according to the tissues from which they arise and of which they consist

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17
Q

What is histological grading?

A

The degree of differentiation. Extent to which tumour resembles histologically its cell/tissue of origin determines tissue grade.

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18
Q

What is tumour differentiation?

A
  • Describes how much or how little a tumour tissue looks like the normal tissue it came from
  • Benign tumours: well differentiated
  • Malignant tumors: variable grade of differentiation
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19
Q

What are the different grades of differentiation?

A

well, moderate, poor, anaplastic

20
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Poor differentiation/no differentiation

21
Q

What suffix do tumours have?

A

-oma

22
Q

Name the principles of benign tumour nomenclature

A
  • Benign tumours are either papillomas or adenomas
  • Benign connective tissue tumours have prefix denoting cell of
    origin
23
Q

Name the principles of malignant tumour nomenclature

A
  • Malignant epithelial tumours are carcinomas

- Malignant connective tissue tumours are sarcomas

24
Q

What suffix do neoplasm of blood cells have?

A

-aemia

25
Q

Name and give examples of mesenchymal tumours

A
  • Fat: lipoma
  • Cartilage: chondroma
  • Striated muscle: rhabdomyoma
26
Q

Name and give examples of epithelial tumours

A
  • Glandular epithelium: adenoma
  • Squamous epithelium: squamous carcinoma
  • Glandular epithelium: adenocarcinoma
27
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A
  • Epithelial neoplasm exhibiting all cellular features associated with malignancy but which has not yet invaded through the epithelial basement membrane separating it from potential routes of metastasis – blood vessels and lymphatics
    —- Complete excision cures patient
    —- Preceded by dysplasia
28
Q

What is local infiltration?

A
  • Infiltrate adjacent structures / organs / lymphatics /
    blood vessels
  • Ulceration = haemorrhage of infection
  • Obstruction e.g. GIT by a tumour with an annular and
    stenosing appearance
29
Q

What is metastasis?

A

process of formation of distant secondary tumours

30
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

-Neoplasm of germ cell origin that forms cells representing all 3 cell layers of embryo
—- Can be mature, immature, malignant
—- Benign may contain teeth and hair, respiratory epithelium, cartilage, muscle, neural tissue, etc.
—- Malignant tumour represent immature and less identifiable ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
—- Occur most often in gonads: ovarian = benign and cystic, testis = malignant and solid
—- Sometimes originates in midline

31
Q

What is a blastoma?

A
  • Malignant embryonic tumour
  • Occur in young children < 5 yrs
    —- Bear embryological appearance of the organ in which it occurs
32
Q

Name examples of blastomas

A
  • Nephroblastoma/Wilms tumour in kidney
  • Retinoblastoma in eye
    —- Neuroblastoma in adrenal medulla
  • Hepatoblastoma in liver
33
Q

What are mixed tumours?

A

Non-organoid combinations of mature tissue types (cell types) of 1 germ cell layer

34
Q

Name examples of mixed tumours

A
  • Mixed parotid tumour (pleomorphic salivary adenoma)
    -Fibroadenoma of breast, lobular tumour consisting of
    epithelium-lined glands or clefts in a loose fibrous tissue matrix
35
Q

What is a neuro-endocrine tumour?

A

Diffuse endocrine system, derived from hormone-secreting cells

36
Q

Name examples of neuro-endocrine tumours

A
  • medullarycarcinoma
  • insulinoma
  • carcinoid tumours
37
Q

What is a carcinosarcoma?

A

malignant tumors that consist of a mixture of carcinoma (or

epithelial cancer) and sarcoma

38
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A
  • Tumour-like lesion, growth coordinated with individual, lacks autonomy of true neoplasm
    —- Benign, consists of 2/more mature cell types found in organ of origin
39
Q

Name examples of a hamartoma

A

amartoma of lung

pigmented naevi of skin/moles

40
Q

What is a cyst?

A

Epithelium-lined fluid-filled space

41
Q

Name examples of non-neoplastic cysts

A

parasitic cyst; congenital cyst; — retention cyst; implantation cyst

42
Q

Name examples of neoplastic cysts

A

Cystadenoma

— Cystadenocarcinoma

43
Q

Briefly explain the principles in respect of tumour cell biology with reference to genetic (DNA) aspects

A
  • Polyploidy (too many copies of diploid DNA) & aneuploidy (abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell) = pleomorphism = increased tumour aggressiveness
    — - Karyotypic abnormalities (chromosome abnormality/ translocation /rearrangement)
    —- Mutations of oncogenes / tumour suppressor genes
44
Q

Briefly explain the principles in respect of tumour cell biology with reference to mitotic and apoptotic activity

A
  • Often more mitoses, Abnormal mitoses —

- Sometimes loss of apoptosis (cell loss) —

45
Q

Briefly explain the principles in respect of tumour cell biology with reference to metabolic abnormalities

A
  • No specific abnormalities
    —- Cell surfaces change: loss of cohesion —
  • Abnormal gene expression

Anatomical Pathology (3 decks)

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