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T2 NEUROLOGY > T1: NEUROGLIA > Flashcards

T1: NEUROGLIA Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are involved in the CNS?

A

Brain - Spinal Cord

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2
Q

What is the function of Afferent and Efferent in the PNS?

A
  • Afferent info carried to CNS

- Efferent instructions from CNS to effectors

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3
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic / Autonomic / Enteric NS

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4
Q

What does the SNS control?

A

Skeletal mm.

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5
Q

What does the ANS control?

A
  • Heart
  • Smooth mm
  • Vessels
  • Glands
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6
Q

Parasympathetic NS is known as?

A

Rest and Digest

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7
Q

Sympathetic NS is known as?

A

Fight or Flight

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8
Q

What does the ENS control?

A

GI Tract

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9
Q

A myelin-producing cell in the PNS, that wraps around an axon is known as?

A

Schwann Cells

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10
Q

What is the gap in between the Schwann cells called, as they line up along an axon?

A

Node of Ranvier

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11
Q

Describe the functions of a Myelin Layer/Myelin Sheath.

A
  • Increase speed of impulses
  • Prevent nerve signal leakage
  • Acts as a phagocyte
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12
Q

Myelin-producing cells in the CNS, that are more fragile than Schwann cells are known as?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

What is the disease that attacks Oligodendrocytes?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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14
Q

Which cell provides physical support to fragile neurons, forming a matrix to keep neurons in place? (Most numerous of CNS glial cells)

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

Describe the structure of Astrocytes.

A

Long branched processes ending on walls of capillaries

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16
Q

A filtration system that alters the permeability of brain capillaries, is known as?

A

Blood Brain Barrier

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17
Q

Glutamate excess causes cells to become overexcited and die.This process is called?

A

Excitotoxicity

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18
Q

If the blood protein, Albumin leaks into the brain via a damaged BBB from a brain injury which inappropriately activates Astrocytes, a person may develop what disorder?

A

Epilepsy

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19
Q

Presynaptic neurons, Postsynaptic neuron, and Astrocytes wrap around neurons to form a?

A

Tripartite Synapses

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20
Q

The Tripartite Synapses contributes to structural changes in the brain, which is called?

A

Neuroplasticity

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21
Q

Neuroplasticity can lead to a heightened response to painful stimuli known as?

A

Hyperalgesia

22
Q

Neuroplasticity can lead to a painful response to a normally non painful stimuli known as?

A

Allodynia

23
Q

Glial cells that cover the surface of ganglia are what type of cells?

A

Satellite Glial Cells

24
Q

A collection of cell bodies in the PNS are called?

A

Ganglia

25
Q

What is the function of Satellite Glial Cells?

A
  • Supply nutrients
  • Protect/cushion cells
  • Similar to Astrocytes
26
Q

Cells that recognize, engulf and destroy infected, damaged or dead cells are known as?

A

Macrophages

27
Q

The resident macrophage immune cells of the CNS are?

A

Microglia Cells

28
Q

Describe the function of Microglia Cells.

A

Facilitate/coordinate responses between peripheral immune system and the brain.

29
Q

This molecule is released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells are called?

A

Cytokines

30
Q

What are Cytokines?

A

Pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules

31
Q

What are the two possible pathways where Cytokines can be transported into the brain?

A
  • Humoral (Blood) Pathway

- Neural (Vagus Nerve) Pathway

32
Q

The 3 layers that function to protect the CNS from rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine is called?

A

Meninges

33
Q

This tough meninges layer that anchors to the skull is known as?

A

Dura Mater

34
Q

This delicate web-like collagen fibres that extends from the dura to pia meninges, is known as?

A

Arachnoid Membrane

35
Q

A vascularized membrane that firmly adheres to the brain is known as which meninges?

A

Pia Mater

36
Q

What lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

Ependymal cells

37
Q

What lessen the impact of a blow to head, and transport hormones to other areas in the brain?

A

CSF

38
Q

What is the function of Ependymal cells?

A

Produce CSF from filtered blood in the ventricles

39
Q

Where does CSF circulate?

A

Subarachnoid Space of brain and spinal cord

40
Q

What carries reabsorbed CSF back to the blood via the internal jugular veins of the neck?

A

Dural Sinuses/Cranial Sinuses

41
Q

Where can you locate the Dural Sinuses/Cranial Sinuses ?

A

Between two layers of dura mater

42
Q

CSF buildup within the ventricles, is a condition called?

A

Hydrocephalus

43
Q

The upper portion of the skull, consisting parts of the frontal/parietal/occipital bones is called?

A

Calvaria

44
Q

What is the spongy bone layer that separates the Calvaria, and gives the skull roof stiffness?

A

Diploe

45
Q

A localized mass of extravasated blood (clotted) is known as?

A

Hematoma

46
Q

What are the two spaces within the skull, where Hematoma can occur?

A

Subdural and Epidural Spaces

47
Q

A blow between the skull and the dura, causing a fracture that transects a blood vessel is a condition known as?

A

Epidural Hematoma

48
Q

What structure sits in a groove on the parietal bone, in the region of the temple?

A

Middle Meningeal Artery

49
Q

With again, what causes shrinkage in the brain that stretches and weakens the bridging veins?

A

Subdural Hematoma

50
Q

An old collection of blood and blood breakdown products between the brain surface and the dura, leaking from the vein is known as?

A

Chronic Subdural Hematoma

T2 NEUROLOGY (4 decks)

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