T1: NEUROGLIA Flashcards
What structures are involved in the CNS?
Brain - Spinal Cord
What is the function of Afferent and Efferent in the PNS?
- Afferent info carried to CNS
- Efferent instructions from CNS to effectors
What are the 3 divisions of the PNS?
Somatic / Autonomic / Enteric NS
What does the SNS control?
Skeletal mm.
What does the ANS control?
- Heart
- Smooth mm
- Vessels
- Glands
Parasympathetic NS is known as?
Rest and Digest
Sympathetic NS is known as?
Fight or Flight
What does the ENS control?
GI Tract
A myelin-producing cell in the PNS, that wraps around an axon is known as?
Schwann Cells
What is the gap in between the Schwann cells called, as they line up along an axon?
Node of Ranvier
Describe the functions of a Myelin Layer/Myelin Sheath.
- Increase speed of impulses
- Prevent nerve signal leakage
- Acts as a phagocyte
Myelin-producing cells in the CNS, that are more fragile than Schwann cells are known as?
Oligodendrocytes
What is the disease that attacks Oligodendrocytes?
Multiple Sclerosis
Which cell provides physical support to fragile neurons, forming a matrix to keep neurons in place? (Most numerous of CNS glial cells)
Astrocytes
Describe the structure of Astrocytes.
Long branched processes ending on walls of capillaries
A filtration system that alters the permeability of brain capillaries, is known as?
Blood Brain Barrier
Glutamate excess causes cells to become overexcited and die.This process is called?
Excitotoxicity
If the blood protein, Albumin leaks into the brain via a damaged BBB from a brain injury which inappropriately activates Astrocytes, a person may develop what disorder?
Epilepsy
Presynaptic neurons, Postsynaptic neuron, and Astrocytes wrap around neurons to form a?
Tripartite Synapses
The Tripartite Synapses contributes to structural changes in the brain, which is called?
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity can lead to a heightened response to painful stimuli known as?
Hyperalgesia
Neuroplasticity can lead to a painful response to a normally non painful stimuli known as?
Allodynia
Glial cells that cover the surface of ganglia are what type of cells?
Satellite Glial Cells
A collection of cell bodies in the PNS are called?
Ganglia
What is the function of Satellite Glial Cells?
- Supply nutrients
- Protect/cushion cells
- Similar to Astrocytes
Cells that recognize, engulf and destroy infected, damaged or dead cells are known as?
Macrophages
The resident macrophage immune cells of the CNS are?
Microglia Cells
Describe the function of Microglia Cells.
Facilitate/coordinate responses between peripheral immune system and the brain.
This molecule is released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells are called?
Cytokines
What are Cytokines?
Pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules
What are the two possible pathways where Cytokines can be transported into the brain?
- Humoral (Blood) Pathway
- Neural (Vagus Nerve) Pathway
The 3 layers that function to protect the CNS from rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine is called?
Meninges
This tough meninges layer that anchors to the skull is known as?
Dura Mater
This delicate web-like collagen fibres that extends from the dura to pia meninges, is known as?
Arachnoid Membrane
A vascularized membrane that firmly adheres to the brain is known as which meninges?
Pia Mater
What lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord?
Ependymal cells
What lessen the impact of a blow to head, and transport hormones to other areas in the brain?
CSF
What is the function of Ependymal cells?
Produce CSF from filtered blood in the ventricles
Where does CSF circulate?
Subarachnoid Space of brain and spinal cord
What carries reabsorbed CSF back to the blood via the internal jugular veins of the neck?
Dural Sinuses/Cranial Sinuses
Where can you locate the Dural Sinuses/Cranial Sinuses ?
Between two layers of dura mater
CSF buildup within the ventricles, is a condition called?
Hydrocephalus
The upper portion of the skull, consisting parts of the frontal/parietal/occipital bones is called?
Calvaria
What is the spongy bone layer that separates the Calvaria, and gives the skull roof stiffness?
Diploe
A localized mass of extravasated blood (clotted) is known as?
Hematoma
What are the two spaces within the skull, where Hematoma can occur?
Subdural and Epidural Spaces
A blow between the skull and the dura, causing a fracture that transects a blood vessel is a condition known as?
Epidural Hematoma
What structure sits in a groove on the parietal bone, in the region of the temple?
Middle Meningeal Artery
With again, what causes shrinkage in the brain that stretches and weakens the bridging veins?
Subdural Hematoma
An old collection of blood and blood breakdown products between the brain surface and the dura, leaking from the vein is known as?
Chronic Subdural Hematoma
