Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > T1 - cell structure > Flashcards

T1 - cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main characteristics of aeukaryotic organism?

A

A eukaryotic organism is an organism whose cells containmembrane-bound organelles, e.g. a nucleus and mitochondria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or False? Prokaryotic organisms contain a nucleus.

A

False. Prokaryotic organisms donotcontain a nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is aprokaryotic organism?

A

A prokaryotic organism is an organism whose cellslack a nucleusand othermembrane-bound organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or False? All prokaryotic organisms aresingle-celled.

A

True. Prokaryotic organisms are always single-celled.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define the termplasmid.

A

A plasmid is a small circularloop of DNAfound inprokaryotic cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False? Eukaryotic cells arelargerthan prokaryotic cells.

A

True, eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells are typically between 10 and 100 µm. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller in comparison to eukaryotic cells, with many measuring ~ 1 µm in size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How manymicrometres(µm) are in amillimetre(mm)?

A

There are 1000 µm in 1 mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

There are 1,000,000 nanometres in a millimetre, what is 1,000,000 instandard form?

A

1,000,000 in standard form is1 x 106

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or False? To convert a measurement fromnanometrestomicrometresyou must multiply by 1000.

A

False, to convert a measurement from nanometres to micrometres you mustdivideby 1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

If a eukaryotic cell is100µmwide and prokaryotic cell is1µmwide, how much bigger is the eukaryotic cell in terms oforders of magnitude?

A

The eukaryotic cell is2 orders of magnitude widerthan the prokaryotic cell
1 = 100and 100 = 102, therefore it is2orders of magnitude wider

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Whatseparatescells from their surrounding environment?

A

Thecell membraneseparatescells from their surrounding environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name thelargest organellepresent within animal cells.

A

The largest organelle within animal cells is thenucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the structurespresent in plant cellsthat arenotpresent in animal cells.

A

Cell wall, Chloroplasts, Permanent vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

True or False? Ribosomesare present in both plant and animal cells.

A

True. Ribosomes arepresent in plant and animal cells. They are the site of protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Namethree organellesfoundwithinanimal cells.

A

Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes
(the cell membrane and cytoplasm arenotorganelles, so are not acceptable answers here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is thesmallest organellepresent in both plant and animal cells?

A

Ribosomesare the smallest organelle; they are present in both plant and animal cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or False? Thegel-like fluidpresent inside both plant and animal cells is the chloroplast.

A

False. The gel-like fluid present in plant and animal cells is thecytoplasm.Chloroplastsare organelles found in plant cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or False? The role of thenucleusis to release energy for the cell.

A

False. The role of the nucleus is tostore genetic informationin the form ofDNA. Energy is released by themitochondria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function ofchloroplastswithin plant cells?

A

Chloroplastsabsorb light energyduring the process ofphotosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or False? Plant cell wallsare responsible for controlling the passage of substances in and out of cells.

A

False. Plant cell walls providestrengthand additionalstructural supportfor plant cells. It is themembranethat regulates the passage of substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of thepermanent vacuolein plant cells?

A

The permanent vacuolestorescell sapand providesstructural supportfor plant cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True or False? Mitochondriaare the site of aerobic respiration.

A

True. Mitochondria are responsible forreleasing energythrough the process ofaerobic respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define the termspecialised cell.

A

Specialised cells are cells that have developedspecific characteristicsthat allow them to performparticular functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Give an example of aspecialised plant cell.

A

root hair cell, palisade mesophyll cell, xylem and phloem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Give an example of aspecialised animal cell.

A

red blood cells, nerve cells, sperm / egg cells, muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True or False? Root hair cells have an increased surface area.

A

True. Root hair cells have anincreased surface areato allowincreased absorptionof water and mineral ions from the soil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is thefunctionof anerve cell?

A

The function of a nerve cell is toconductelectricalimpulsesand send signals around the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

True or False? An adaptation of a muscle cell is that they contain a lot of mitochondria.

A

True. Muscle cells contain a lot of mitochondria to carry out aerobic respiration andprovide energyfor muscle contraction.

29
Q

True or False? Sperm cells contain a full set of chromosomes (46) from the father.

A

False. Sperm cells containhalf the amount of DNAcontained to normal body cells.

30
Q

Why areroot hair cellsadapted to contain alarge number of mitochondria?

A

Root hair cells contain a lot of mitochondria to provide energy for theactive transport of mineral ions from the soil into the cell.

31
Q

What is the function of aphloemcell?

A

Phloem cells form a long vessel to allow the plant totransport dissolved sugars and amino acids.

32
Q

True or False? Phloem vesselsare strengthened and supported by a substance calledlignin strengtheningthe tubes and providingsupportfor the plant.

A

False. Xylem vesselsare supported by lignin.

33
Q

What iscell differentiation?

A

Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell changes to becomespecialised.

34
Q

True or False? Almost all cells in a multicellular organism containdifferentgenetic information.

A

False. Almost all cells in a multicellular organism contain thesamegenetic information.

35
Q

Whatdetermines the featuresof specialised cells?

A

The features of specialised cells are determined by theexpression of genesin the nucleus.

36
Q

True or False? Allplant cellsdifferentiateearlyin development.

A

False. Many types of plant cellsretainthe ability to differentiatethroughoutlife.

37
Q

When doesmostcell differentiation occur inanimals?

A

In animals most cell differentiation take place during theearly stages of developmentwhen the animal is an embryo/fetus (before it is born).

38
Q

What is alight microscope?

A

A light microscope is an instrument that uses light and lenses to magnify specimens, allowing visualisation of cells and large subcellular structures.

39
Q

What doesresolutionmean in microscopy?

A

Resolution in microscopy means the ability todistinguish between two closely spaced objects as separate entities.

40
Q

What is anelectron microscope?

A

An electron microscope is an instrument that useselectron beamsinstead of light to provide muchhigher resolution and magnificationthan light microscopes.

41
Q

True or False? Electron microscopes use light beams for imaging.

A

False. Electron microscopes use electron beams for imaging.

42
Q

True or False? Upon the invention of the light microscope in the 17th century, scientists were able to view cell structure in detail.

A

False. The first light microscopes to be invented allowed only very basic details of cell structure to be observed, such as cell shape and the plant cell walls.

43
Q

What is the formula forcalculating magnification?

A

magnification = image size ÷ actual size

44
Q

True or False? Magnification has units.

A

False. Magnification doesnothave any units and is just written as, e.g. x10 or 5000x.

45
Q

What is the equation for calculating theactual sizeof a specimen?

A

actual size = image size ÷ magnification

46
Q

What is the purpose of amagnification scalein microscope drawings?

A

A magnification scale is included to show theactual sizeof the observed specimen.

47
Q

What is a microscopeslide?

A

A microscope slide is athin, flat piece of glasson which specimens are prepared for observation under a microscope.

48
Q

Whatstainis used forcheek cells?

A

Methylene blueis used to stain cheek cells.

49
Q

True or False? Iodine is used to stain onion cells.

A

True. Iodine is used to stain onion cells.

50
Q

What should beavoidedwhen preparing a microscope slide?

A

Smudgingthe glass slide andtrapping air bubblesunder the coverslip should be avoided when preparing a microscope slide.

51
Q

What is anobjective lens?

A

An objective lens is the lens on a microscope that isclosest to the specimen. Most light microscopes have several objective lenses at different powers for viewing specimens at different levels of magnification.

52
Q

True or False? The highest-powered objective lens should always be used first when viewing a specimen under a light microscope.

A

False. When viewing a specimen under a light microscope thelow-power lens should always be used first.

53
Q

What are the key characteristics ofbiological drawings?

A

use a sharp pencil; pencil lines should beclearandunbroken; all structures drawn should be inproportion; identifiable features must belabelledusing straight, uncrossed lines

54
Q

How largeshould biological drawings be?

A

Biological drawings should take upat least half of the space availableon the page

55
Q

Define the termbinary fission.

A

Binary fission is a type of simplecell divisionby whichbacteriamultiply.

56
Q

What happens to thenumber of bacterial cellsafter a binary fission event?

A

The number of bacterial cellsincreases by a power of 2 (doubles)each time binary fission occurs.

57
Q

What isaseptic technique?

A

Aseptic technique is a method used toprevent contamination by unwanted microorganismswhen working with cultures.

58
Q

True or False? Lifting the lid of a petri dish only slightly when transferring bacterial cultures is primarily to prevent air from entering.

A

False. Lifting the lid of a petri dish only slightly primarilyreduces the risk of contamination by other microorganisms.

59
Q

Why should theinoculating loop be passed through a hot flamebefore it is used to transfer bacteria to a culture medium?

A

The inoculating loop should be passed through a hot flame to kill any microorganisms present on the loop; thisprevents contamination.

60
Q

Why should the lid of the petri dish besecured with tapeat intervals around the dish, rather than all the way around?

A

The lid should be secured with tape at intervals, rather than all the way around, to ensure thatoxygen can enterthe dish; this prevents the growth of anaerobic bacteria which may be harmful.

61
Q

What is thehighest incubation temperaturefor growing bacteria in a school laband why?

A

The maximum allowed temperature for growing bacteria in a school lab is25°C, this is torestrict the growth of harmful pathogens.

62
Q

What is aninhibition zonein the context of culturing microorganisms?

A

An inhibition zone is anarea around a disc of antibiotic, antiseptic, or disinfectant wherebacterial growth is inhibited.

63
Q

What is theequationfor calculating the area of aninhibition zone?

A

Area of inhibition zone = πr2, Where π = 3.14 and r = the radius of the zone of inhibition

64
Q

What is themean division timeof bacteria?

A

Mean division time is theaverage length of timethat it takes for abacterial cell in a population to divide.

65
Q

True or False? Alarge zone of inhibitionindicates that theantibiotic is effectiveat killing the bacteria.

A

True. The bigger the zone of inhibition, the more effective the antibiotic is at killing the bacteria.

66
Q

What is indicated bythe absence of a zone of inhibitionaround an antibiotic disc?

A

If there is no zone of inhibition it indicates that the bacteria isresistantto a particular antibiotic.

67
Q

When investigating the effect of antibiotics on bacterial growth using agar plates and zones of inhibition, what should be used as anexperimental control?

A

When investigating the effect of antibiotics on bacterial growth using agar plates and zones of inhibition the control should bepaper discs soaked in sterile water.

68
Q

How canmicroorganisms be culturedfor use in an investigation?

A

Bacteria can be cultured in anutrient broth solutionor ascolonieson an agar gel plate.

biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions