T1 - Cancer Development (Josh)

Question 1

Does Neoplasm always mean it’s cancerous?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

What type of nucleus and cytoplasm is considered normal in cells?

Answer 2

small nucleus with larger surrounding cytoplasm

Question 3

What is Contact Inhibition when it comes to cells?

Answer 3

as cells become larger, they will no go past their boundaries

**cancer cells continue growing without inhibition

Question 4

What is Euploidy?

Answer 4

normal chromosomes

**23 pairs

Question 5

What is the only difference between Benign Tumor Cells and Normal Cells?

Answer 5

Continuous or Inappropriate cell growth

Question 6

Malignant Cancer Cells:

What are the features that make them abnormal and dangerous?

Answer 6

Rapid or Continuous cell division

Anaplasia (poor cell differentiation)

Large Nucleus to Cytoplasm ratio

Loses Specific Functions (ie: liver cells don’t function like liver cells anymore)

Loose Adherence (doesn’t play well with neighbors)

Migration

No Contact Inhibition

Abnormal Chromosomes (aneuploidy)

Question 7

What are oncogenes?

Answer 7

they start the process of cell division

***In cancer, they can no longer be controlled, leading to increased dysregulation and overexpression of the cell

Question 8

What is G-Grading System for Cancer?

Answer 8

goes from G1-G4

ex:
Gx = can’t be graded
G1 = looks different, but only a little bit
G4 = unrecognizable

Question 9

With Cancer Staging, what are the different types and which is most definitive?

Answer 9

Clinical Staging

Surgical Staging

Pathologic Staging (most definitive)

Question 10

What does TNM stand for?

Answer 10

T - Tumor Size

N - Nodal Involvement

M - Metastasis

Question 11

What does the Mitotic Index measure?

Answer 11

how fast does cell division take place

Question 12

TNM Staging:

What are the different values for T?

Answer 12

Tx - primary tumor cannot be assessed

To - no evidence of primary tumor

Tis - tumor in situ (hasn’t moved)

T1, T2, T3, T4 - increasing size and or local extent of primary tumor

Question 13

TNM Staging:

What are the different values for N?

Answer 13

Nx - regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed

No - No regional lymph node metastasis

N1, N2, N3 - increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes

Question 14

TNM Staging:

What are the different values of M?

Answer 14

Mx - presence of distant metastasis cannot be assessed

Mo - no distant metastasis

M1 - distant metastasis

Question 15

TNM Staging:

What is worst diagnosis you can have?

Answer 15

T4 N3 M1

Question 16

What is the primary mechanism of carcinogenesis?

Answer 16

Ocongene Activation

Question 17

Carcinogens:

What are examples of Chemical Carinogenesis?

Physical Carcinogenesis?

Viral Carcinogenesis?

Answer 17

Chemical - ETOH, tobacco

Physical - radiation, chronic irritation (sun damage)

Viral - HPV

Question 18

What are some dietary factors that increase risk factor for cancer?

Answer 18

Low fiber intake

High red meat intake

Question 19

What are the CAUTION warning signs for cancer?

Answer 19

Changes in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that doesn't heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness

Question 20

What are some PRIMARY cancer prevention actions?

Answer 20

Avoidance of known or potential carcinogens

Modification of associated factors (ex: stop ETOH or tobacco use)

Removal of ‘at risk’ tissues (ex: Angelina Jolie)

Chemoprevention

Vaccination (ex; HPV Vaccine)

Question 21

What are some SECONDARY cancer prevention actions?

Answer 21

Regular Screening

Question 22

What are odds of a man dying of cancer in US?

Answer 22

1 in 4

Question 23

What race has highest incidence of cancer?

Answer 23

AA