Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > T1 > Flashcards

T1 Flashcards

1
Q

Depot Medication - Advantage

A

Drug bypasses gastrointestinal absorption
No first-pass metabolism effect
Lower rates of relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Depot Medications - Disadvantages

A

Need to be administered deep into muscle tissue
Can irritate the skin and cause pain at injection site
Hold risk of severe and long lasting side effects if not screened properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All depot medication should be administered as a deep ____

A

Intramuscular injection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Preferred sites for depot medications? (unless package indicates differently)

A

Gluteal sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T/F - Dosage for short-acting injectable antipsychotic medication differs from therapeutic dosage of a depot medication

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can you know the difference between depot vs. other injections (?)

A

Label
Dosage
Thickness (depot will be thicker)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nervous System Side Effects

A

EPS
Tardive dyskinesia
Anticholinergic side effects
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Sedation
Confusion
Headaches
Seizures
Sleep disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

EPS

A

Group of motor disturbances caused by dopamine being blocked in the nigrostriatal pathway
Typical antipsychotics are mostly to cause EPS
Some can be controlled with Antiparkinsonian medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

EPS - akathisia

A

Most common EPS
Motor-restlessness or inability to sit still
Condition is completely outside voluntary control (different from agitation)
Improves with benzodiazepine or propranolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

EPS - bradykinesia

A

“without movement or slowed movements”
Immobility or weakness
Complaints of fatigue
Lack of muscle movement
Can be confused w/ negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Increased dose of medication will increase symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

EPS - Pseudo-parkinsonism

A

Onset - first week of drug therapy
Loss in muscle movement (akinesia)
Mask like facial expression
Stooped posture
Muscle rigidity (COGHWEEL)
Tremors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

EPS - Acute Dystonic Reactions

A

Sudden, uncoordinated prolonged abnormal tonic contractions of muscle groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ADR - Torticollis or Retrocollis

A

Spasm of sternocleidomastoid muscle (muscles in neck)
Retrocollis - straight and constricted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Opisthotonos or Pleurthotonus (Pisa Sign)

A

Spasm of all muscles surrounding spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Oculogyric crisis

A

Eyes roll upwards, severe muscle spasms, thick tongue, protrusion of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thickening or protrusion of tongue

A

Difficult to swallow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do acute dystonic reactions respond well with?

A

Anticholinergics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

Prominent with high potency and high doses of typical antipsychotics
Irreversible and no effective treatment
Caused by: chronic exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents in nigrostriatal pathway
Can be monitored using Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is the best time to use AIMS?

A

After patient’s done sleeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Signs of Tardive Dyskinesia

A

Constant chewing, facial grimacing, facial and tongue movement, limb movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anticholinergic Side Effects

A

In nigrostriatal pathway - dopamine blocks cholinergic receptors

Peripheral Anticholinergic Side Effects - dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision

Central Anticholinergic Side Effects - impaired concentration, confusion, attention deficit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

A

Hypodopaminergic state (severe low dopamine)
1% can be fatal
Risk
increase of antipsychotic medication
dehydration, physical exhaustion, malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Symptoms the NMS

A

EPS (muscle rigidity)
Increased body temperature (diaphoresis)
Change in consciousness
Fluctuating BP, tachycardia, decrease respirations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Treatment of NMS

A

Immediate discontinuation of drug
dopamine AGONIST bromocriptine
Fluids, electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Endocrine System

A

Metabolism
Sexual Hormone Dysregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Metabolism

A

Antipsychotics can cause weight gain, increased appetite
Risk for diabetes and metabolic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which two drugs have the highest metabolic side effects?

A

Olanzapine and Clozapine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sexual Hormone Dysregulation

A

Blocking dopamine in the Tuberoinfundibular dopamine pathway - increase in prolactin concentrations = leading to hyperprolactinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Side effects of SHD

A

Disturbances in menstruation
Lactation in women
Gynecomastia (male breast enlargement)
Rapid demineralization of bones
Sexual dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Orthostatic Hypotension
OT interval
Agranulocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

A

Blocking adrenergic receptors
Sudden drop of BP from lying to sitting, lying to standing, or sitting to standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

QT Intervals

A

Antipsychotics and prolong QT Intervals
Marker for arrhythmic risk
Lead to cardiac arrest or transient loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

SERIOUS side effect
Failure of bone marrow to make enough granulocytes (neutrophils)
Sx include
Fatigue
Sore throat
Ulcers in mouth or throat
Fever and severe chills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Treatment of agranulocytosis

A

Blood tests to determine WBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Clozaril: Double Edged Sword

A

Benefits:
Good effectiveness compared to other antipsychotics
Effective in decreasing hallucinations and delusions
Treatment for recurring suicidal behaviour

Risks:
May cause agranulocytosis
Can interact with other drugs that decrease WBC count
Weight gain and metabolic issues
Cause constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Clozapine Protocol

A

Titrated up slowly
If client is non-compliant for a period of time, titration needs to restarted
Requires weekly WBC levels within first 6 months - after this period, it will be biweekly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Exocrine System

A

Photosensitivity
Dermatological/Temperature Regulation Effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Photosensitivity

A

Sensitivity to the sun
Redness, blisters, and abnormal skin pigmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Dermatological/Treatment Regulation Effects

A

Hyperthermia
Polydipsia - water intoxication
Dermatitis
Steven Johnson Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Miscellaneous System Side Effects

A

Gastrointestinal
Ocular

41
Q

Gastrointestinal

A

Change in appetite
Antiemetic
Hypersalivation
Dysphagia

42
Q

Ocular

A

Granular deposits
Retinopathy
Blurred vision

43
Q

Severity

A

Severity of the risk of symptoms increases different types of antipsychotics
Increases when dosages reach their upper limit or surpass their recommended dosages

44
Q

Precautions and Drug Interactions

A

Known hypersensitivity
Acute myocardial infarction
History of myeloproliferative diseases
Uncontrolled epilepsy
CNS depression, stroke, or comatose

45
Q

Cautions

A

Parkinson’s disease
Glaucoma, peptic ulcers
Seizure disorders
Alcohol misuse

46
Q

Drug Interactions

A

CNS depressants
Antidepressants
Dopamine Agonists
Antihypertensive
Haldol and Lithium - causes encephalopathy

47
Q

T/F Long term of effect of antipsychotics in children is not known

A

True

48
Q

What are children and youth at greater risk of?

A

Weight gain, neurological side effects, dystonic reactions

49
Q

Older Adults Considerations

A

Start dose LOW and titrate SLOW
Watch for: sedation, EPS, TD, Anticholinergic effects
Caution: pre-existing illness and polypharmacy

50
Q

Pregnancy considers

A

Antipsychotics in third trimester - risk for abnormal muscle movement/withdrawal in newborn
Risk Category C - cannot be ruled out
Abnormal muscle movements/withdrawal: agitation, tremor, sleepiness

51
Q

Trepanation

A

Cutting holes or drilling holes into brain - “letting demons escape”
Treatment for madness, pain, headaches

52
Q

Hydrotherapy

A

Warm Baths - used to treat insomnia, suicidal ideation, help to calm agitated clients

Cold Baths - mania and psychosis

Last 3 hours to a few days

53
Q

Insulin Shock Therapy

A

Clients received high levels of insulin to induce coma

54
Q

Metrazol Convulsive Therapy

A

Synthetic preparation of Camphor
Small doses of camphor produced tachycardia, act as a diuretic, reduce appetite
Large doses are lethal
Used to induce coma in clients w/ schizophrenia

55
Q

Prefrontal Lobotomy

A

Severed and damaged prefrontal lobe
Speculated this type of surgery to remove harmful parts of the brain - schizophrenia, depression and anxiety

56
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

Used to stimulate a seizure
Non-pharmacological option for treatment

57
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of drugs that alter functions of living organisms

58
Q

Drug therapy

A

Use of drugs to prevent, diagnose or treat signs, symptoms and disease processes

59
Q

Medications

A

Drugs given for therapeutic purposes

60
Q

Prototypes

A

First drug of a particular drug class to be developed

61
Q

Regulatory Processes in Canada

A

Pre Clinical Studies
Clinical trials
Drug submission to health products and food branch
Submission review
Market authorization decision
Public acess
Surveillance and investigation

62
Q

Ten Rights of Medication

A

Right medication
Right client
Right dose
Right route
Right time and frequency
Right documentation
Right reason/assessment
Right to refuse
Right evaluation
Right client education

63
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Movement of drug/medication throughout the body - and how the individual responds to it

64
Q

Specific processes of pharmacokinetics (4)

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

65
Q

Absorption

A

Factors that affect absorption:
med form
route of admin
admin site
blood flow
gi function and presence of food and other drugs

66
Q

What does distribution depend on?

A

Blood circulation

67
Q

Distribution is affected by:

A

protein binding
blood-brain barrier
pregnancy
lactation

68
Q

Metabolism

A

Method that drugs are inactivated or bio transformed by the body

Drugs are changed to:
active metabolites
inactive metabolites
prodrugs

69
Q

Excretion

A

elimination of medication from body

relies on
kidneys and bowels
circulatory system - blood circulation
lungs
skin

70
Q

Half Life

A

Length of time it takes for 1/2 the dosage of medication to be metabolized

71
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body or how the drug behaves

72
Q

Receptor theory of Action

A

Most drugs exert their effect by chemically binding with receptors at cellular level

73
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Impact of drugs on the brain
Impact of diseases on CNS
Behavioural consequences of psychiatric medicine

74
Q

PNS - Afferent Neurons

A

Nerve fibers responsible for bringing sensory information from outside world into the brain

75
Q

PNS - Interneurons

A

“the ones in between” - connect spinal motor and sensory neurons

76
Q

PNS - Efferent neurons

A

Responsible for carrying signals from brain to the PNS in order to initiate an action

  • removing hand from a hot pan
77
Q

Structural Unit of Nervous System

A

Soma - cell body; command centre
Dendrites - large and small branches; receive msgs from other neurons
Axon - long tube - carries messages from soma to axon terminals; transmits impulses AWAY from soma
Axon Terminals - found at end of axon, hold neurotransmitters

78
Q

How do nerves send messages?

A

Action Potential

79
Q

How do electrical charges occur?

A

Sodium Potassium Pump

80
Q

Repolarization

A

Occur prior to the nerve being able to be depolarized again

81
Q

Chemical is required between

A

2 neurons OR between a neuron and a gland/muscle

82
Q

Post-Synaptic Effector

A

Proteins that are embedded in cell membrane and have binding sites for endogenous substances

83
Q

How can post synaptic effector cell be activated again?

A

Reuptake
Enzymes

84
Q

Enzyme Alteration

A

Activation or inactivation in intracellular enzymes

85
Q

Open or Close Ion Channels

A

Permeability of cell membrane

86
Q

Neurohormone Alteration

A

Modifies release or inactivate neurohormones

87
Q

Nature’s Pharmacopeia

A

Brain makes its own antidepressants, anxiolytics and hallucinogens

88
Q

Pscyhopharmacologic Action

A

Drugs act on a specific receptor site

89
Q

When attached to a receptor. the drug can have one of two actions

A

Agonist
Antagonist

90
Q

Agonist

A

produces same biological action as neurotransmitter

91
Q

Antagonist

A

blocks an action so more neurotransmitter will be in the synaptic gap

92
Q

Affinity

A

Degree of strength in a bond between a drug and receptor
Strong affinity = highly bond
Poor affinity = less bond / means that another medication can “bump” it off and takes its place

Think of the song Jolene

93
Q

Selectivity

A

Ability of drug to be specific to a certain receptor
Drug that’s more selective = target treatment, decrease in side effects
Drug that’s NOT selective = cannot target treatment = increase side effects

94
Q

Intrinsic Activity

A

Ability of drug to produce a biological response once attached to receptor

95
Q

Polypharmacy

A

Multiple medications
Risk to benefit ratio

96
Q

Fetus is sensitive to drug effects because:

A

Size of fetus
Few plasma proteins that can bind to drug molecules
Weak capacity for metabolizing and excreting drugs

97
Q

Thalidomide

A

Used to treat morning sickness to assist w/ sleep
Banned - caused birth defects; deafness, blindness, cleft palate

98
Q

Pharmacodynamics differences are caused by:

A

Difference in body composition
Immature systems
Genetic make up

99
Q

Effective of drugs are also influenced by:

A

Total body water - fluid make up
Fat stores
Protein amounts

Pharmacology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions