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Tissues > T01 - Introduction to Metabolism > Flashcards

T01 - Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism consists of what two primary energy processes?

A

catabolism; anabolism

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2
Q

Catabolism is primary responsible for

A

energy production

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3
Q

Anabolism is primarily responsible for

A

the synthesis of macromolecules

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4
Q

Draw a diagram that illustrates the consumption and regeneration of electron carriers in catabolism and anabolism.

A
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5
Q

What are the two factors that determine energy need requirements?

A

basal energy expenditure (BEE)

body mass index (BMI)

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6
Q

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A

energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another

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7
Q

Draw an energy diagram that shows the stepwise oxidation of sugar in cells.

A
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8
Q

Draw an energy diagram that shows the direct burning of sugar in cells.

A
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9
Q

Write out the chemical reaction showing hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi. What is the ΔG°’ of this reaction?

A

ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi

ΔG°’ = -7.3 kcal/mol

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10
Q

Write out the chemical reaction showing hydrolysis of ATP into AMP and PPi. What is the ΔG°’ of this reaction?

A

ATP + H2O → AMP + PPi

ΔG°’ = -10.9 kcal/mol

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11
Q

Describe the energy “composition” of a typical 70 kg man.

A

1,600 kcal in glycogen

24,000 kcal in mobilizable protein

135,000 kcal in fat

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12
Q

What molecule is, by far, the largest fuel source in mammals?

A

fat

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13
Q

What is the metabolic energy equivalent for carbohydrates?

A

4 kcal/g

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14
Q

What is the metabolic energy equivalent for protein?

A

4 kcal/g

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15
Q

What is the metabolic energy equivalent for fat?

A

9 kcal/g

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16
Q

What molecule serves as the primary carbohydrate/metabolic fuel in mammals?

A

glucose

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17
Q

Outline the path of glucose as a metabolic fuel. (7)

A

glucose → [glycolysis] → pyruvate → acetyl-CoA → [TCA coupled to reduction of NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH2] → [electron transport chain] → [ox phos] → ~36 ATP

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18
Q

Give two major (alternative) energy sources in mammal (other than glucose).

A

fatty acids

amino acids

19
Q

Outline the pathway of fatty acids as a metabolic fuel. (2)

A

palmitate → [complete oxidation] → ~129 ATP

20
Q

Outline the two pathways of amino acids as a metabolic fuel.

A

AA → [transaminase] → keto-acid → [feed into TCA or glycolysis]

AA → [feed into gluconeogenesis]

21
Q

What two hormones are the primary regulators of metabolism?

A

insulin and glucagon

22
Q

Insulin promotes

A

storage of simple monomeric fuels in polymeric form

23
Q

Glucagon promotes

A

oxidation of polymeric storage depots to yield monomeric units for fuel

24
Q

Describe the relative activities of insulin and glucagon in anabolism.

A

insulin activity increased

glucagon activity decreased

25
Q

Describe the relative activities of insulin and glucagon in catabolism.

A

insulin activity decreased

glucagon activity increased

26
Q

What is fuel source in anabolism?

A

diet

27
Q

What is fuel source in catabolism?

A

storage depots

28
Q

Basal energy expenditure results from what two actions?

A

heat production

keeping the brain alive

29
Q

Write out the equation to calculate BMI.

A
30
Q

What are the BMI intervals and their associated weight statuses?

A

below 18.5 = underweight

  1. 5 - 24.9 = normal
  2. 0 - 29.9 = overweight

>30.0 = obese

31
Q

Rank carbohydrates, amino acids, and fats in terms of ease of metabolism.

A

carbohydrates > amino acids > fats

32
Q

What are the symptoms of metabolic syndrome? (4)

A

increased blood pressure

high blood glucose

body fat around the wait

abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels

33
Q

What are the risk factors for metabolic syndrome? (3)

A

age

race

obesity

34
Q

What is the pathology of metabolic syndrome?

A

diabetes

cardiovascular disease

35
Q

Rank methane, methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, and carbon dioxide in terms of ΔG°, going from most negative to least negative.

A

more C-H bonds in small molecules = more energy

oxidation of methane is most favorable (most negative ΔG° value)

36
Q

What are the high-energy bonds within ATP?

A

the bond between alpha and beta, and the bond between beta and gamma

the bond between the ribose and alpha phosphate is low energy

37
Q

The conversion of ATP to ADP is associated with what processes? (4)

A

motion

active transport

biosyntheses

signal amplification

38
Q

The conversion of ADP to ATP is associated with what processes?

A

oxidation of fuel molecules

photosynthesis

39
Q

Describe how ATP is used to drive unfavorable reactions, using glutamic acid as an example.

A

phosphate transferred from ATP to glutamic acid to form high-energy intermediate

phosphate (Pi) released and NH3 added to form glutamine

therefore, products of ATP hydrolysis are ADP and Pi

40
Q

Draw a diagram that shows the relationship between NADP+, NADPH, catabolism, and anabolism.

A
41
Q

Glycolysis occurs in what cellular structure?

A

cytosol

42
Q

Insulin is produced by

A

the beta cells of pancreatic islets

43
Q

Glucagon is synthesized by

A

alpha cells of the pancreas

Tissues (23 decks)

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