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PHYSIOLOGY S01 > T01 Cellular Organization and Physiology > Flashcards

T01 Cellular Organization and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Study of control systems that makes living organisms work

A

Human Physiology

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2
Q

Deals with specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that makes it a living being;
Explains the physical and chemical factors responsible for the origin , development, and progression of life

A

Human Physiology

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3
Q

Study that deals with basic physiological mechanisms in the context of disease

A

Medical Physiology

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4
Q

Study of biomolecular bases of human functioning at many stages of organization, from the subcellular level to the intact organism.
Deals with studying the precise and controlled interactions of these functions and the body’s ability to maintain relative constancy

A

Medical Physiology

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5
Q

End Goal of Medical Physiology

A

Elucidate homeostatic mechanisms

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6
Q

View of Physiology/Life used in pharmacologic intervention in medicine to reduce collateral damage

A

Mechanistic View

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7
Q

View of Physiology/Life that considers the behavior of human beings as “stimulus and response” or the “cause and effect” sequences

A

Mechanistic View

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8
Q

View of Physiology/Life the view taken by physiologists, holds that all phenomena, no matter how complex, can ultimately be described in terms of physical and chemical laws.

A

Mechanistic View

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9
Q

View of Physiology/Life that some “vital force” beyond physics and chemistry is required to explain life.

A

Vitalism

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10
Q

View of Physiology/Life: “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

A

Vitalism

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11
Q

Eukaryotic component that function for metabolism, protein synthesis (free ribosomes)

A

Cytosol

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12
Q

Eukaryotic component that function for cell shape and movement, intracellular transport

A

Cytoskeleton

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13
Q

Eukaryotic component that function for keeping the Genome (22 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes), and DNA and RNA synthesis

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

Eukaryotic component that function for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation, and Ca2+ storage

A

Mitochondria

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15
Q

Eukaryotic component that function for synthesis of lipids, and Ca2+ storage

A

Smooth ER

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16
Q

Eukaryotic components that function for Ca2+ storage

A

Mitochondria and sER

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17
Q

Eukaryotic component that function for Translation of mRNA into cytosolic proteins

A

Free Ribosomes

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18
Q

Eukaryotic component that function for Translation of mRNA into membrane associated proteins or for secretion out of the cell

A

Rough ER

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19
Q

Eukaryotic component that function for intracellular degradation

A

Lysosome

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20
Q

Eukaryotic component that function for cellular uptake of cholesterol, removal of receptors from the plasma membrane, uptake of small molecules and water into the cell, internalization of large particles (e.g., bacteria, cell debris)

A

Endosome

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21
Q

Eukaryotic component that function for degradation of intracellular proteins

A

Proteosome

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22
Q

Eukaryotic component that function for detoxification of substances

A

Peroxisome

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23
Q

Phosphate end of each phospholipid molecule is hydro-

A

-philic

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24
Q

Fatty acid portion of each phospholipid molecule is hydro-

A

-phobic

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25
Q

The hydrophobic portion of cell membrane is permeable to fat-soluble substances such as __ (3)

A

Oxygen, CO2 and alcohol

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26
Q

The hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane is impermeable to usual water-soluble substances, such as __ (3)

A

Ions, glucose, and urea

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27
Q

Primary location in membrane: Phosphatidylcholine

A

Outer leaflet

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28
Q

Primary location in membrane:

Sphingomyelin

A

Outer leaflet

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29
Q

Primary location in membrane of Phosphatidylethanolamine

A

Inner leaflet

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30
Q

Primary location in membrane of Phosphatidylserine

A

Inner leaflet

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31
Q

Primary location in membrane of Phosphatidylinositol

A

Inner leaflet

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32
Q

Membrane protein imbedded/ extend into or through the lipid bilayer, where hydrophobic amino acid residues are associated with the hydrophobic fatty acyl chains of the membrane lipids

A

Integral protein

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33
Q

Integral protein span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid; has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

A

Transmembrane protein

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34
Q

This protein is covalently attached to a lipid molecule, which is embedded in one leaflet of the bilayer

A

Lipid-anchored protein

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35
Q

Example of a Lipid-anchored protein:

anchors proteins to the OUTER leaflet of the membrane

A

GPI: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

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36
Q

Lipid-anchored Proteins can be attached to the inner leaflet via their _____ by fatty acids or via their _____ by prenyl anchors

A

amino-terminus [by fatty acids]

carboxyl-terminus [by prenyl anchors]

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37
Q

Membrane protein associated with polar head groups of the membrane lipids; more commonly bind to integral or lipid-anchored protein

A

Peripheral protein

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38
Q

The maintenance of constant volume and composition of the body fluid compartments (and their temperature in warm-blooded animals and humans)

A

Homeostasis

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39
Q

STEADY-STATE BALANCE: input greater than output

A

Positive balance

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40
Q

STEADY-STATE BALANCE: input less than output

A

Negative balance

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41
Q

Key concept STEADY-STATE BALANCE: deviations from this baseline can be monitored

A

Set point

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42
Q

Key concept STEADY-STATE BALANCE: sensor or sensors that monitor deviations from the set point must generate _______ that can lead to changes in either input or output, or both, to maintain the desired set point

A

Effector signals

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43
Q

Key concept STEADY-STATE BALANCE: ______ must respond in an appropriate way to the effector signals generated by the set point monitor

A

Effector organs

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44
Q

Key concept STEADY-STATE BALANCE: The ______ depends on several factors, including the nature of the sensor, the time necessary for generation of the effector signals, and how rapidly the effector organs respond to the effector signals.

A

Sensitivity of the system

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45
Q

______ is the larger compartment which contains approximately 2/3 of the total body water

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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46
Q

______ is the smaller compartment that constitutes 1/3 of the total body weight

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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47
Q

ECF which is further divided into ________ and ________

A

Interstitial fluid and Plasma

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48
Q

In some pathological conditions, additional fluid may accumulate in the ______ which is a part of the ECF

A

Third space

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49
Q

Spontaneous movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration;
Random process driven by the thermal motion of molecules

A

Diffusion

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50
Q

The _____ of the Fick’s First Law of Diffusion equation signifies that diffusion occurs in a direction opposite to that of increasing concentration

A

Negative sign

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51
Q

Diffusion occurs in the direction of decreasing concentration of diffusant, thus flux is always a _______ quantity

A

Positive

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52
Q

The diffusion coefficient takes into account the thermal energy of the molecule, its size, and the viscosity of the medium through which diffusion is taking place. For spherical molecules, D is approximated by the _______.

A

Stokes-Einstein equation

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53
Q

To quantify the interaction of the molecule with the bilayer in diffusion, the term _________ is used

A

Partition coefficient (β)

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54
Q

FICK’S EQUATION: ΔC represents the

A

Concentration difference across the membrane

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55
Q

FICK’S EQUATION: ‘ A ‘ represents the

A

Membrane area

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56
Q

FICK’S EQUATION: ΔX represents the

A

Thickness of the membrane

or distance along which diffusion is occuring

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57
Q

For a simple lipid bilayer, the more lipid soluble the molecule is, the ______ the partition coefficient is, and thus the diffusion coefficient is greater

A

Larger

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58
Q

The ______ is used to quantitate the driving force acting on a molecule to cause it to move across a membrane.

A

Electrochemical gradient (also called the electrochemical potential difference)

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59
Q

The ______ is a measure of the free energy available to carry out the useful work of transporting the molecule across the membrane.

A

Electrochemical gradient

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60
Q

When the net movement of a molecule across a membrane occurs in the direction predicted by the electrochemical gradient, that movement is termed _________

A

Passive transport

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61
Q

if the net movement of a molecule across the membrane is opposite to that predicted by the electrochemical gradient, that movement is termed ________, a process that requires the input of energy

A

Active transport

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62
Q

Transport is directly coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP, it is referred to as ___________

A

Primary active transport

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63
Q

QUIZ Question:
Transport wherein solute carriers couple movement of two or more molecules against their respective electrochemical gradient through the use of the energy in the electrochemical gradient of the other molecule or molecules.

A

Secondary active transport

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64
Q

Aka Piggy-back transport

-primary mechanism of oral rehydration solutions

A

Secondary active transport

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65
Q

The passive movement of water across cell membranes

A

Osmosis

66
Q

Pressure that is determined by the number of solute molecules dissolved in the solution. It is not dependent on such factors as the size of the molecules, their mass, or their chemical nature

A

Osmotic pressure

67
Q

Osmotic pressure (π), measured in atmospheres (atm), is calculated by ______

A

van’t Hoff law

68
Q

van’t Hoff’s law

A

π = nCRT

69
Q

_______ refers to the osmotic pressure generated by the dissolved solute molecules in 1 L of solvent

A

Osmolarity

70
Q

_______ is the number of molecules dissolved in 1 kg of solvent

A

Osmolality

71
Q

Measurements of _____ are temperature dependent because the volume of the solvent varies with temperature

A

Osmolarity

72
Q

Unit for Osmolality

A

milliosmoles per kg of water

mOsm/kg of water

73
Q

Solute molecules that have the capacity to exert osmotic force across the membrane

A

Effective osmole

74
Q

Examples of effective osmoles usual in the body

A

Na and glucose/sucrose

75
Q

Example of effective osmoles that are foreign to the body

A

Sorbitol (sugar alcohol laxative)

Mannitol (sugar alcohol diuretic/ osmotic agent)

76
Q

_________ is a measure of the relative ability of the molecule to cross the cell membrane

A

Reflection coefficient (or osmotic coefficient) = σ

77
Q

_________ is the osmotic pressure generated by large molecules (especially proteins) in solution.

A

Oncotic pressure

78
Q

_________ is defined as the weight of a volume of solution divided by the weight of an equal volume of distilled water

A

Specific gravity

79
Q

The _______ of a solution is related to the effect of the solution on the volume of a cell, which includes effective osmoles or non-penetrating solutes

A

Tonicity

80
Q

Pressure required to prevent osmosis

A

Osmotic pressure

81
Q

A ________ solution causes a cell to swell

A

Hypotonic

82
Q

Hypertonic solution causes a cell to _____

A

Shrink

83
Q

The correlation to van’t Hoff’s law is more precise with _______, globular proteins than with ______ protein molecules.

A

Small, larger

84
Q

The normal human plasma has a specific gravity in the range of _____ because biological fluids contain a number of different molecules.

A

1.008 to 1.010

85
Q

_________ are the main routes for water movement into and out of the cell

A

Water channels, or aquaporins (AQPs)

86
Q

AQPs contain ______ domains and a central _________

A

6 membrane-spanning [domains]

water-transporting pore

87
Q

______ AQP monomers assemble to form a ______ in the plasma membrane, with each monomer functioning as a water channel.

A

Four, homotetramer

88
Q

AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9 constitute a subgroup of aquaporins with a broader permeation range that includes glycerol, hence the name “__________”

A

Aquaglyceroporins

89
Q

Cells in the collecting ducts of the kidneys express which AQP isoform/s in their basolateral membrane?

A

AQP3 and AQP4

90
Q

Which AQP isoform is expressed in the apical membrane of the collecting ducts of the kidneys?

A

AQP2

91
Q

The abundance of AQP2 in the apical membrane is regulated by _________, which is crucial for the ability of the kidneys to concentrate the urine

A

Antidiuretic hormone (also called arginine vasopressin)

92
Q

_________ is defined as the nature of the ions that pass through the channel (ion channel)

A

Selectivity

93
Q

________ refers to the number of ions that pass through the channel (ion channel) and is typically expressed in picosiemens (pS)

A

Channel conductance

94
Q

If the channel has a larger conductance when ions are moving into the cell than when they are moving out of the cell, the channel is said to be an _______

A

Inward rectifier

95
Q

Ion channels fluctuate between an open state or a closed state, a process called ______

A

Gating

96
Q

Solute carriers (SLCs) that transport a single molecule across the membrane. The transporter that brings glucose into the cell (glucose transporter 1 [GLUT-1], or SLC2A1) is an important member of this group.

A

Uniporters (facilitated transporters)

97
Q

Solute carriers (SLCs) that couple the movement of two or more molecules/ions across the membrane in the same direction

A

Symporters (cotransporters)

98
Q

Solute carriers (SLCs) that couple the movement of two or more molecules/ions across the membrane in opposite directions

A

Antiporters (exchange transporters)

99
Q

?¿TYPE OF SOLUTE CARRIER¿?
The Na+,K+,2Cl− (NKCC) found in the kidney (NKCC2, or SLC12A1), which is crucial for diluting and concentrating the urine

A

Symporter

100
Q

?¿TYPE OF SOLUTE CARRIER¿?

Glucose transporter 1 [GLUT-1], or SLC2A1

A

Uniporter

101
Q

?¿TYPE OF SOLUTE CARRIER¿?

Na+-H+ and NHE-1, or SLC9A1 which are found in all cells and plays an important role in regulating intracellular pH

A

Antiporter

102
Q

?¿TYPE OF SOLUTE CARRIER¿?
Na+-Ca++ exchange (NCX) which is the major calcium (Ca) efflux mechanism of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Consequently the exchanger plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular Ca content and hence contractility

A

Antiporter

103
Q

The ___________ use the energy in ATP to drive the movement of molecules/ ions across the membrane

A

ATP-dependent transporters

104
Q

The _____ ATPases are phosphorylated during the transport cycle. Na+-K+-ATPase is an important example of this, which plays a critical role in establishing cellular ion and electrical gradients, as well as maintaining cell volume

A

P-type

105
Q

SERCA is which type of ATP-dependent Ion transporter?

A

P-type

106
Q

_______ H+-ATPases are found in the membranes of several intracellular organelles (e.g., endosomes, lysosomes), which plays an important role in urinary acidification

A

V-type

107
Q

In the Na+,K+-ATPase, the _______ contains binding sites for Na+,K+ and ATP. It is also the functional subunit that binds cardiac glycosides (e.g., ouabain), which specifically inhibit the enzyme.

A

α subunit

108
Q

The _____ appears to play a regulatory role in the Na-K ATPase. It is a member of a family of proteins called FXYD proteins (so named for the FXYD amino acid sequence found in the protein).

A

γ subunit

109
Q

Type of ATP-dependent transporter that are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and they have amino acid domains that bind ATP

A

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters

110
Q

______ is the process whereby a piece of the plasma membrane pinches off and is internalized into the cell interior

A

Endocytosis

111
Q

______ is the process whereby vesicles inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane to release solute and water from the cell

A

Exocytosis

112
Q

In some cells (e.g., the epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract), endocytosis across one membrane of the cell is followed by exocytosis across the opposite membrane.
This allows the transport of substances inside the vesicles across the epithelium, a process termed _________.

A

Transcytosis

113
Q

Type of endocytosis which consists of the nonspecific uptake of small molecules and water into the cell.

A

Pinocytosis (cell drinking)

114
Q

Type of endocytosis prominent feature of the endothelial cells that line capillaries and is responsible for a portion of the fluid exchange that occurs across these vessels.

A

Pinocytosis (cell drinking)

115
Q

Type of endocytosis that allows for the cellular internalization of large particles (e.g., bacteria, cell debris). This process is an important characteristic of cells in the immune system (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages).

A

Phagocytosis (cell eating)

116
Q

Macrophages have receptors on their surface that bind the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. When bacteria invade the body they are often coated with antibody, a process called ______

A

Opsonization

117
Q

Mechanism of endocytosis that allows the uptake of specific molecules into the cell. In this form of endocytosis, molecules bind to receptors on the cell.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

118
Q

Give 3 proteins involved in Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Adaptin
Clathrin
GTPase dynamin

119
Q

2 types of Exocytosis

A

Constitutive secretion

Regulated secretion

120
Q

Type of Exocytosis occurring in endocrine cells, neurons, and exocrine glandular cells. In these cells, the secretory product is stored in the cytoplasm in secretory granules until an appropriate signal (neural or hormonal) for secretion is received.

A

Regulated secretion

121
Q

Calcium-dependent accessory membrane proteins that help target the secretory vesicle to the plasma membrane

A

SNARE protein or Soluble N-ethylmaleimide Sensitive Fusion [NSF] Attachment protein Receptor
t-SNARE (target)
v-SNARE (vesicle)

122
Q

2 hormones that are exempted in the Calcium-dependent protein secretion

A

Renin
Parathyroid hormone
**released when there is decreased intracellular Ca++

123
Q

____ cells, arranged in sheets, provide interface between the external and internal environment of the body

A

Epithelial cells

124
Q

The free surface of the epithelial layer is referred to as the ________. It is in contact with the external environment or with extracellular fluids

A

Apical membrane

125
Q

The basal side of the epithelium rests on a basal lamina, which is secreted by the epithelial cells, and this in turn is attached to the underlying ________.

A

Connective tissue

126
Q

?¿SPECIALIZED JUNCTION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS¿?

Fxn: mechanical adhesion to adjacent cell

A

Adhering junction

Desmosome

127
Q

?¿SPECIALIZED JUNCTION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS¿?

Fxn: mechanical adhesion to underlying tissue

A

Hemidesmosome

128
Q

?¿SPECIALIZED JUNCTION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS¿?

Fxn: provide low resistance connections between cells

A

Gap Junction

129
Q

?¿SPECIALIZED JUNCTION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS¿?

Fxn: Divides cells into two membrane domains which restricts the movement of membrane lipids and proteins

A

Tight Junctions

130
Q

Functional unit of Gap Junctions

A

Connexon

131
Q

The 6 integral membrane subunits of the connexon

A

Connexin

132
Q

Junction for conduction of APs between plasma membrane of adjacent neurons

A

Gap Junctions

133
Q

The restriction of the movement of membrane lipids and proteins between the two membrane domains by Tight junctions is called _______, which allows epithelial cells to carry out vectorial transport from one surface of the cell to the opposite surface by segregating membrane transporters to one or other of
the membrane domains.

A

Fence function

134
Q

Specialized junction found in the Blood-brain barrier

A

Tight Junction

135
Q

_________ are small, nonmotile projections of the apical plasma membrane that serve to increase surface area.

A

Microvilli (1-3μm)

136
Q

The actin core of the microvilli is connected to the cytoskeleton of the cell via the _________ (a network of actin fibers at the base of the microvilli) and provides structural support for the microvilli.

A

Terminal web

137
Q

__________ are long (up to 120 μm), nonmotile membrane projections that, like microvilli, increase the surface area of the apical membrane. They are found in the epididymis of the testis and in the “hair cells” of the inner ear.

A

Stereocilia

138
Q

The motile cilia or _______ contain a microtubule core arranged in a characteristic ________.

A

Secondary Cilia
“9+2” pattern (nine pairs of microtubules around the circumference of the cilium, and one pair of microtubules in the center)

139
Q

_____ is the molecular motor protein that drives the movement of the cilium.

A

Dynein

140
Q

Synchronized pulsation of cilia of the respiratory tract that serve to transport mucus and inhaled particulates out of the lung

A

Mucociliary transport

141
Q

Type of cilia that serve as mechanoreceptors and are involved in determining left-right asymmetry of organs during embryological development, as well as sensing the flow rate of fluid in the nephron of the kidneys

A

Primary or Nonmotile cilia

142
Q

Nonmotile cilia have a microtubule core (____ arrangement) and lack a motor protein.

A

“9+0”

143
Q

Transport from the apical side to the basolateral side of an epithelium is termed either ________ or ________

A

Absorption or reabsorption

144
Q

Transport from the basolateral side of the epithelium to the apical side is termed ______

A

Secretion

145
Q

Solutes and water transport across an epithelium by traversing both the apical and basolateral membranes

A

Transcellular transport

146
Q

Solutes and water transport across an epithelium by moving between the cells across the tight junction

A

Paracellular transport

147
Q

______, a protein of tight junctions expressed by epithelial cells, determine the permeability characteristics of the paracellular pathway

A

Claudins

148
Q

Mutations in the gene that codes for claudin 16 result in the autosomal recessive condition know as ________

A

Familial hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC)

149
Q

Examples of epithelia with high permeability

A

Proximal tubule of renal nephron

Early segments of small intestine (duodenum and jejunum)

150
Q

Examples of epithelia with low permeability

A

Collecting duct of the renal nephron
Urinary bladder
Terminal portion of the colon

151
Q

2 driving forces of Paracellular pathway of solute transport are:

A

Transepithelial concentration gradient

Transepithelial voltage

152
Q

Water movement across epithelia is passive and driven by ________

A

Transepithelial osmotic pressure gradients

153
Q

In some epithelia (e.g., proximal tubule of the renal nephron), the movement of water across the epithelium via the paracellular pathway can drive the movement of additional solute. This process is termed ________ and reflects the fact that solutes dissolved in the water will traverse the tight junction with the water.

A

Solvent drag

154
Q

Regulatory Mechanism:
___________ of the gastrointestinal tract regulates solute and water transport by the epithelial cells that line the intestine and colon.

A

Enteric nervous system

155
Q

Regulatory Mechanism:

___________ regulates transport by the epithelial cells of the renal nephron

A

Sympathetic nervous system

156
Q

__________, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, is an example of a hormone that stimulates NaCl transport by the epithelial cells of the colon, renal nephron, and sweat ducts.

A

Aldosterone

157
Q

Epithelial cell transport can also be regulated by locally produced and locally acting substances, a process termed __________

A

Paracrine regulation

158
Q

Cells that are located near the epithelial cells of the stomach release _________, which acts on the HCl-secretin cells of the stomach (parietal cells) and stimulates them to secrete HCl.

A

Histamine

159
Q

Responses of Epithelial Cells to regulation

A
  1. Retrieval of Transporters via endocytosis or Insertion of Transporters via exocytosis on the cell membrane
  2. Change in activity of membrane transporters
  3. Synthesis of specific proteins
160
Q

QUIZ Question:

Specialized junction that serve as pathway for water, ions, and small molecules across the epithelium

A

Tight Junction

161
Q

QUIZ Question:

This type of channel is classified based on Selectivity, Channel Conductance and Gating

A

Ion Channels

PHYSIOLOGY S01 (1 decks)

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