T01 Cellular Organization and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Study of control systems that makes living organisms work
A
Human Physiology
2
Q
Deals with specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that makes it a living being;
Explains the physical and chemical factors responsible for the origin , development, and progression of life
A
Human Physiology
3
Q
Study that deals with basic physiological mechanisms in the context of disease
A
Medical Physiology
4
Q
Study of biomolecular bases of human functioning at many stages of organization, from the subcellular level to the intact organism.
Deals with studying the precise and controlled interactions of these functions and the body’s ability to maintain relative constancy
A
Medical Physiology
5
Q
End Goal of Medical Physiology
A
Elucidate homeostatic mechanisms
6
Q
View of Physiology/Life used in pharmacologic intervention in medicine to reduce collateral damage
A
Mechanistic View
7
Q
View of Physiology/Life that considers the behavior of human beings as “stimulus and response” or the “cause and effect” sequences
A
Mechanistic View
8
Q
View of Physiology/Life the view taken by physiologists, holds that all phenomena, no matter how complex, can ultimately be described in terms of physical and chemical laws.
A
Mechanistic View
9
Q
View of Physiology/Life that some “vital force” beyond physics and chemistry is required to explain life.
A
Vitalism
10
Q
View of Physiology/Life: “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
A
Vitalism
11
Q
Eukaryotic component that function for metabolism, protein synthesis (free ribosomes)
A
Cytosol
12
Q
Eukaryotic component that function for cell shape and movement, intracellular transport
A
Cytoskeleton
13
Q
Eukaryotic component that function for keeping the Genome (22 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes), and DNA and RNA synthesis
A
Nucleus
14
Q
Eukaryotic component that function for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation, and Ca2+ storage
A
Mitochondria
15
Q
Eukaryotic component that function for synthesis of lipids, and Ca2+ storage
A
Smooth ER
16
Q
Eukaryotic components that function for Ca2+ storage
A
Mitochondria and sER
17
Q
Eukaryotic component that function for Translation of mRNA into cytosolic proteins
A
Free Ribosomes
18
Q
Eukaryotic component that function for Translation of mRNA into membrane associated proteins or for secretion out of the cell
A
Rough ER
19
Q
Eukaryotic component that function for intracellular degradation
A
Lysosome
20
Q
Eukaryotic component that function for cellular uptake of cholesterol, removal of receptors from the plasma membrane, uptake of small molecules and water into the cell, internalization of large particles (e.g., bacteria, cell debris)
A
Endosome
21
Q
Eukaryotic component that function for degradation of intracellular proteins
A
Proteosome
22
Q
Eukaryotic component that function for detoxification of substances
A
Peroxisome
23
Q
Phosphate end of each phospholipid molecule is hydro-
A
-philic
24
Q
Fatty acid portion of each phospholipid molecule is hydro-
A
-phobic
25
The hydrophobic portion of cell membrane is permeable to fat-soluble substances such as __ (3)
Oxygen, CO2 and alcohol
26
The hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane is impermeable to usual water-soluble substances, such as __ (3)
Ions, glucose, and urea
27
Primary location in membrane: Phosphatidylcholine
Outer leaflet
28
Primary location in membrane:
| Sphingomyelin
Outer leaflet
29
Primary location in membrane of Phosphatidylethanolamine
Inner leaflet
30
Primary location in membrane of Phosphatidylserine
Inner leaflet
31
Primary location in membrane of Phosphatidylinositol
Inner leaflet
32
Membrane protein imbedded/ extend into or through the lipid bilayer, where hydrophobic amino acid residues are associated with the hydrophobic fatty acyl chains of the membrane lipids
Integral protein
33
Integral protein span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid; has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
Transmembrane protein
34
This protein is covalently attached to a lipid molecule, which is embedded in one leaflet of the bilayer
Lipid-anchored protein
35
Example of a Lipid-anchored protein:
| anchors proteins to the OUTER leaflet of the membrane
GPI: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol
36
Lipid-anchored Proteins can be attached to the inner leaflet via their _____ by fatty acids or via their _____ by prenyl anchors
amino-terminus [by fatty acids]
| carboxyl-terminus [by prenyl anchors]
37
Membrane protein associated with polar head groups of the membrane lipids; more commonly bind to integral or lipid-anchored protein
Peripheral protein
38
The maintenance of constant volume and composition of the body fluid compartments (and their temperature in warm-blooded animals and humans)
Homeostasis
39
STEADY-STATE BALANCE: input greater than output
Positive balance
40
STEADY-STATE BALANCE: input less than output
Negative balance
41
Key concept STEADY-STATE BALANCE: deviations from this baseline can be monitored
Set point
42
Key concept STEADY-STATE BALANCE: sensor or sensors that monitor deviations from the set point must generate _______ that can lead to changes in either input or output, or both, to maintain the desired set point
Effector signals
43
Key concept STEADY-STATE BALANCE: ______ must respond in an appropriate way to the effector signals generated by the set point monitor
Effector organs
44
Key concept STEADY-STATE BALANCE: The ______ depends on several factors, including the nature of the sensor, the time necessary for generation of the effector signals, and how rapidly the effector organs respond to the effector signals.
Sensitivity of the system
45
______ is the larger compartment which contains approximately 2/3 of the total body water
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
46
______ is the smaller compartment that constitutes 1/3 of the total body weight
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
47
ECF which is further divided into ________ and ________
Interstitial fluid and Plasma
48
In some pathological conditions, additional fluid may accumulate in the ______ which is a part of the ECF
Third space
49
Spontaneous movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration;
Random process driven by the thermal motion of molecules
Diffusion
50
The _____ of the Fick’s First Law of Diffusion equation signifies that diffusion occurs in a direction opposite to that of increasing concentration
Negative sign
51
Diffusion occurs in the direction of decreasing concentration of diffusant, thus flux is always a _______ quantity
Positive
52
The diffusion coefficient takes into account the thermal energy of the molecule, its size, and the viscosity of the medium through which diffusion is taking place. For spherical molecules, D is approximated by the _______.
Stokes-Einstein equation
53
To quantify the interaction of the molecule with the bilayer in diffusion, the term _________ is used
Partition coefficient (β)
54
FICK'S EQUATION: ΔC represents the
Concentration difference across the membrane
55
FICK'S EQUATION: ' A ' represents the
Membrane area
56
FICK'S EQUATION: ΔX represents the
Thickness of the membrane
| or distance along which diffusion is occuring
57
For a simple lipid bilayer, the more lipid soluble the molecule is, the ______ the partition coefficient is, and thus the diffusion coefficient is greater
Larger
58
The ______ is used to quantitate the driving force acting on a molecule to cause it to move across a membrane.
Electrochemical gradient (also called the electrochemical potential difference)
59
The ______ is a measure of the free energy available to carry out the useful work of transporting the molecule across the membrane.
Electrochemical gradient
60
When the net movement of a molecule across a membrane occurs in the direction predicted by the electrochemical gradient, that movement is termed _________
Passive transport
61
if the net movement of a molecule across the membrane is opposite to that predicted by the electrochemical gradient, that movement is termed ________, a process that requires the input of energy
Active transport
62
Transport is directly coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP, it is referred to as ___________
Primary active transport
63
QUIZ Question:
Transport wherein solute carriers couple movement of two or more molecules against their respective electrochemical gradient through the use of the energy in the electrochemical gradient of the other molecule or molecules.
Secondary active transport
64
Aka Piggy-back transport
| -primary mechanism of oral rehydration solutions
Secondary active transport
65
The passive movement of water across cell membranes
Osmosis
66
Pressure that is determined by the number of solute molecules dissolved in the solution. It is not dependent on such factors as the size of the molecules, their mass, or their chemical nature
Osmotic pressure
67
Osmotic pressure (π), measured in atmospheres (atm), is calculated by ______
van’t Hoff law
68
van’t Hoff’s law
π = nCRT
69
_______ refers to the osmotic pressure generated by the dissolved solute molecules in 1 L of solvent
Osmolarity
70
_______ is the number of molecules dissolved in 1 kg of solvent
Osmolality
71
Measurements of _____ are temperature dependent because the volume of the solvent varies with temperature
Osmolarity
72
Unit for Osmolality
milliosmoles per kg of water
| mOsm/kg of water
73
Solute molecules that have the capacity to exert osmotic force across the membrane
Effective osmole
74
Examples of effective osmoles usual in the body
Na and glucose/sucrose
75
Example of effective osmoles that are foreign to the body
Sorbitol (sugar alcohol laxative)
| Mannitol (sugar alcohol diuretic/ osmotic agent)
76
_________ is a measure of the relative ability of the molecule to cross the cell membrane
Reflection coefficient (or osmotic coefficient) = σ
77
_________ is the osmotic pressure generated by large molecules (especially proteins) in solution.
Oncotic pressure
78
_________ is defined as the weight of a volume of solution divided by the weight of an equal volume of distilled water
Specific gravity
79
The _______ of a solution is related to the effect of the solution on the volume of a cell, which includes effective osmoles or non-penetrating solutes
Tonicity
80
Pressure required to prevent osmosis
Osmotic pressure
81
A ________ solution causes a cell to swell
Hypotonic
82
Hypertonic solution causes a cell to _____
Shrink
83
The correlation to van’t Hoff’s law is more precise with _______, globular proteins than with ______ protein molecules.
Small, larger
84
The normal human plasma has a specific gravity in the range of _____ because biological fluids contain a number of different molecules.
1.008 to 1.010
85
_________ are the main routes for water movement into and out of the cell
Water channels, or aquaporins (AQPs)
86
AQPs contain ______ domains and a central _________
6 membrane-spanning [domains]
| water-transporting pore
87
______ AQP monomers assemble to form a ______ in the plasma membrane, with each monomer functioning as a water channel.
Four, homotetramer
88
AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9 constitute a subgroup of aquaporins with a broader permeation range that includes glycerol, hence the name “__________”
Aquaglyceroporins
89
Cells in the collecting ducts of the kidneys express which AQP isoform/s in their basolateral membrane?
AQP3 and AQP4
90
Which AQP isoform is expressed in the apical membrane of the collecting ducts of the kidneys?
AQP2
91
The abundance of AQP2 in the apical membrane is regulated by _________, which is crucial for the ability of the kidneys to concentrate the urine
Antidiuretic hormone (also called arginine vasopressin)
92
_________ is defined as the nature of the ions that pass through the channel (ion channel)
Selectivity
93
________ refers to the number of ions that pass through the channel (ion channel) and is typically expressed in picosiemens (pS)
Channel conductance
94
If the channel has a larger conductance when ions are moving into the cell than when they are moving out of the cell, the channel is said to be an _______
Inward rectifier
95
Ion channels fluctuate between an open state or a closed state, a process called ______
Gating
96
Solute carriers (SLCs) that transport a single molecule across the membrane. The transporter that brings glucose into the cell (glucose transporter 1 [GLUT-1], or SLC2A1) is an important member of this group.
Uniporters (facilitated transporters)
97
Solute carriers (SLCs) that couple the movement of two or more molecules/ions across the membrane in the same direction
Symporters (cotransporters)
98
Solute carriers (SLCs) that couple the movement of two or more molecules/ions across the membrane in opposite directions
Antiporters (exchange transporters)
99
?¿TYPE OF SOLUTE CARRIER¿?
The Na+,K+,2Cl− (NKCC) found in the kidney (NKCC2, or SLC12A1), which is crucial for diluting and concentrating the urine
Symporter
100
?¿TYPE OF SOLUTE CARRIER¿?
| Glucose transporter 1 [GLUT-1], or SLC2A1
Uniporter
101
?¿TYPE OF SOLUTE CARRIER¿?
| Na+-H+ and NHE-1, or SLC9A1 which are found in all cells and plays an important role in regulating intracellular pH
Antiporter
102
?¿TYPE OF SOLUTE CARRIER¿?
Na+-Ca++ exchange (NCX) which is the major calcium (Ca) efflux mechanism of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Consequently the exchanger plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular Ca content and hence contractility
Antiporter
103
The ___________ use the energy in ATP to drive the movement of molecules/ ions across the membrane
ATP-dependent transporters
104
The _____ ATPases are phosphorylated during the transport cycle. Na+-K+-ATPase is an important example of this, which plays a critical role in establishing cellular ion and electrical gradients, as well as maintaining cell volume
P-type
105
SERCA is which type of ATP-dependent Ion transporter?
P-type
106
_______ H+-ATPases are found in the membranes of several intracellular organelles (e.g., endosomes, lysosomes), which plays an important role in urinary acidification
V-type
107
In the Na+,K+-ATPase, the _______ contains binding sites for Na+,K+ and ATP. It is also the functional subunit that binds cardiac glycosides (e.g., ouabain), which specifically inhibit the enzyme.
α subunit
108
The _____ appears to play a regulatory role in the Na-K ATPase. It is a member of a family of proteins called FXYD proteins (so named for the FXYD amino acid sequence found in the protein).
γ subunit
109
Type of ATP-dependent transporter that are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and they have amino acid domains that bind ATP
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters
110
______ is the process whereby a piece of the plasma membrane pinches off and is internalized into the cell interior
Endocytosis
111
______ is the process whereby vesicles inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane to release solute and water from the cell
Exocytosis
112
In some cells (e.g., the epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract), endocytosis across one membrane of the cell is followed by exocytosis across the opposite membrane.
This allows the transport of substances inside the vesicles across the epithelium, a process termed _________.
Transcytosis
113
Type of endocytosis which consists of the nonspecific uptake of small molecules and water into the cell.
Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
114
Type of endocytosis prominent feature of the endothelial cells that line capillaries and is responsible for a portion of the fluid exchange that occurs across these vessels.
Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
115
Type of endocytosis that allows for the cellular internalization of large particles (e.g., bacteria, cell debris). This process is an important characteristic of cells in the immune system (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages).
Phagocytosis (cell eating)
116
Macrophages have receptors on their surface that bind the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. When bacteria invade the body they are often coated with antibody, a process called ______
Opsonization
117
Mechanism of endocytosis that allows the uptake of specific molecules into the cell. In this form of endocytosis, molecules bind to receptors on the cell.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
118
Give 3 proteins involved in Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Adaptin
Clathrin
GTPase dynamin
119
2 types of Exocytosis
Constitutive secretion
| Regulated secretion
120
Type of Exocytosis occurring in endocrine cells, neurons, and exocrine glandular cells. In these cells, the secretory product is stored in the cytoplasm in secretory granules until an appropriate signal (neural or hormonal) for secretion is received.
Regulated secretion
121
Calcium-dependent accessory membrane proteins that help target the secretory vesicle to the plasma membrane
SNARE protein or Soluble N-ethylmaleimide Sensitive Fusion [NSF] Attachment protein Receptor
t-SNARE (target)
v-SNARE (vesicle)
122
2 hormones that are exempted in the Calcium-dependent protein secretion
Renin
Parathyroid hormone
**released when there is decreased intracellular Ca++
123
____ cells, arranged in sheets, provide interface between the external and internal environment of the body
Epithelial cells
124
The free surface of the epithelial layer is referred to as the ________. It is in contact with the external environment or with extracellular fluids
Apical membrane
125
The basal side of the epithelium rests on a basal lamina, which is secreted by the epithelial cells, and this in turn is attached to the underlying ________.
Connective tissue
126
?¿SPECIALIZED JUNCTION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS¿?
| Fxn: mechanical adhesion to adjacent cell
Adhering junction
| Desmosome
127
?¿SPECIALIZED JUNCTION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS¿?
| Fxn: mechanical adhesion to underlying tissue
Hemidesmosome
128
?¿SPECIALIZED JUNCTION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS¿?
| Fxn: provide low resistance connections between cells
Gap Junction
129
?¿SPECIALIZED JUNCTION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS¿?
| Fxn: Divides cells into two membrane domains which restricts the movement of membrane lipids and proteins
Tight Junctions
130
Functional unit of Gap Junctions
Connexon
131
The 6 integral membrane subunits of the connexon
Connexin
132
Junction for conduction of APs between plasma membrane of adjacent neurons
Gap Junctions
133
The restriction of the movement of membrane lipids and proteins between the two membrane domains by Tight junctions is called _______, which allows epithelial cells to carry out vectorial transport from one surface of the cell to the opposite surface by segregating membrane transporters to one or other of
the membrane domains.
Fence function
134
Specialized junction found in the Blood-brain barrier
Tight Junction
135
_________ are small, nonmotile projections of the apical plasma membrane that serve to increase surface area.
Microvilli (1-3μm)
136
The actin core of the microvilli is connected to the cytoskeleton of the cell via the _________ (a network of actin fibers at the base of the microvilli) and provides structural support for the microvilli.
Terminal web
137
__________ are long (up to 120 μm), nonmotile membrane projections that, like microvilli, increase the surface area of the apical membrane. They are found in the epididymis of the testis and in the “hair cells” of the inner ear.
Stereocilia
138
The motile cilia or _______ contain a microtubule core arranged in a characteristic ________.
Secondary Cilia
“9+2” pattern (nine pairs of microtubules around the circumference of the cilium, and one pair of microtubules in the center)
139
_____ is the molecular motor protein that drives the movement of the cilium.
Dynein
140
Synchronized pulsation of cilia of the respiratory tract that serve to transport mucus and inhaled particulates out of the lung
Mucociliary transport
141
Type of cilia that serve as mechanoreceptors and are involved in determining left-right asymmetry of organs during embryological development, as well as sensing the flow rate of fluid in the nephron of the kidneys
Primary or Nonmotile cilia
142
Nonmotile cilia have a microtubule core (____ arrangement) and lack a motor protein.
“9+0”
143
Transport from the apical side to the basolateral side of an epithelium is termed either ________ or ________
Absorption or reabsorption
144
Transport from the basolateral side of the epithelium to the apical side is termed ______
Secretion
145
Solutes and water transport across an epithelium by traversing both the apical and basolateral membranes
Transcellular transport
146
Solutes and water transport across an epithelium by moving between the cells across the tight junction
Paracellular transport
147
______, a protein of tight junctions expressed by epithelial cells, determine the permeability characteristics of the paracellular pathway
Claudins
148
Mutations in the gene that codes for claudin 16 result in the autosomal recessive condition know as ________
Familial hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC)
149
Examples of epithelia with high permeability
Proximal tubule of renal nephron
| Early segments of small intestine (duodenum and jejunum)
150
Examples of epithelia with low permeability
Collecting duct of the renal nephron
Urinary bladder
Terminal portion of the colon
151
2 driving forces of Paracellular pathway of solute transport are:
Transepithelial concentration gradient
| Transepithelial voltage
152
Water movement across epithelia is passive and driven by ________
Transepithelial osmotic pressure gradients
153
In some epithelia (e.g., proximal tubule of the renal nephron), the movement of water across the epithelium via the paracellular pathway can drive the movement of additional solute. This process is termed ________ and reflects the fact that solutes dissolved in the water will traverse the tight junction with the water.
Solvent drag
154
Regulatory Mechanism:
___________ of the gastrointestinal tract regulates solute and water transport by the epithelial cells that line the intestine and colon.
Enteric nervous system
155
Regulatory Mechanism:
| ___________ regulates transport by the epithelial cells of the renal nephron
Sympathetic nervous system
156
__________, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, is an example of a hormone that stimulates NaCl transport by the epithelial cells of the colon, renal nephron, and sweat ducts.
Aldosterone
157
Epithelial cell transport can also be regulated by locally produced and locally acting substances, a process termed __________
Paracrine regulation
158
Cells that are located near the epithelial cells of the stomach release _________, which acts on the HCl-secretin cells of the stomach (parietal cells) and stimulates them to secrete HCl.
Histamine
159
Responses of Epithelial Cells to regulation
1. Retrieval of Transporters via endocytosis or Insertion of Transporters via exocytosis on the cell membrane
2. Change in activity of membrane transporters
3. Synthesis of specific proteins
160
QUIZ Question:
| Specialized junction that serve as pathway for water, ions, and small molecules across the epithelium
Tight Junction
161
QUIZ Question:
| This type of channel is classified based on Selectivity, Channel Conductance and Gating
Ion Channels
