T r F Flashcards
Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion.
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Water is one of the few substances that exists naturally on Earth in all three states of matter (ice, water, and water vapor).
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The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C.
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The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting.
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Greater temperature fluctuations are seen in coastal areas due to the marine effect.
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Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in seawater including dissolved and suspended substances.
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Except for the water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in seawater.
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Independent of the actual salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium, and magnesium are relatively constant.
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Chlorinity, which is the weight of the chloride ion of a water sample, can be used to calculate salinity.
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The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density pure water.
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As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly alkaline.
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At high latitudes, abundant precipitation and runoff from melting of freshwater icebergs both increase salinity.
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The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature.
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Processes that decrease seawater salinity include evaporation and sea ice formation.
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In distillation, saltwater is highly pressurized to drive water molecules through a membrane to remove salts.
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The place traced by Earth’s orbit is called the vernal equinox.
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The angle at which direct sunlight strikes the ocean’s surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy
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Within the troposphere, the atmosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude.
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Cool, dense air causes low pressure at the surface, whereas warm, less dense air causes high pressure.
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Why are anticyclones not generally associated with clouds and rain?
Air in anticyclones undergoes warming as the air descends.
The maximum Coriolis effect occurs at the equator due to slower rotational velocity compared to higher latitudes.
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The large atmospheric circulation cells that occur between the equator and 30° latitude in each hemisphere are called Hadley cells. ANSWER:
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The temperate regions are characterized by
westerly winds
A maritime polar air mass is likely to be dry and cold.
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Tropical cyclones derive their energy from the water’s high latent heat of fusion.
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An iceberg is a variety of sea ice.
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Westerlies
prevailing wind pattern at temperate latitudes
The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to anot
CORIOLIS EFFECT
The trade winds can be found between 30° and 60°N and S latitudes.
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Surface or wind-driven currents move water primarily in a vertical direction in the ocean.
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Dynamic topography can be used to determine current direction and velocity.
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Western boundary currents such as the Gulf Stream transport warm water from the tropics towards higher latitude
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Downwelling may be the result of winds blowing parallel to a coastline or the convergence of surface currenTS
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The West Wind Drift occurs at 60°N around the Arctic Circle.
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The Gulf Stream moves water away from the equator; the Benguela Current moves some of this same water back
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Deep ocean currents often move cold, dense water away from the poles.
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Deep ocean water can be enriched in oxygen when it is mixed with surface water.
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Deep ocean water masses have characteristic temperatures and salinities.
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The densest ocean water is North Atlantic Deep Water.
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Surface currents affect about 90% of the world’s ocean water.
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In the northern hemisphere, Ekman transport pushes surface water to the right of the wind direction. ANSWER:
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Monsoons are seasonal pressure systems that develop at lower latitudes over continents, which cause changes in seasonal winds and precipitation patterns.
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Deep ocean water does not travel across the equator.
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Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles.
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Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments.
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The organisms that contribute to biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans.
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Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet).
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Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world.
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Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment.
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Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor.
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metal sulfides
hydrogenous sediment
Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine environment
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