T r F

Question 1

Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion.

Answer 1

T

Question 2

Water is one of the few substances that exists naturally on Earth in all three states of matter (ice, water, and water vapor).

Answer 2

T

Question 3

The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C.

Answer 3

T

Question 4

The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting.

Answer 4

T

Question 5

Greater temperature fluctuations are seen in coastal areas due to the marine effect.

Answer 5

F

Question 6

Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in seawater including dissolved and suspended substances.

Answer 6

F

Question 7

Except for the water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in seawater.

Answer 7

T

Question 8

Independent of the actual salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium, and magnesium are relatively constant.

Answer 8

T

Question 9

Chlorinity, which is the weight of the chloride ion of a water sample, can be used to calculate salinity.

Answer 9

T

Question 10

The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density pure water.

Answer 10

F

Question 11

As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly alkaline.

Answer 11

T

Question 12

At high latitudes, abundant precipitation and runoff from melting of freshwater icebergs both increase salinity.

Answer 12

F

Question 13

The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature.

Answer 13

T

Question 14

Processes that decrease seawater salinity include evaporation and sea ice formation.

Answer 14

F

Question 15

In distillation, saltwater is highly pressurized to drive water molecules through a membrane to remove salts.

Answer 15

F

Question 16

The place traced by Earth’s orbit is called the vernal equinox.

Answer 16

F

Question 17

The angle at which direct sunlight strikes the ocean’s surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy

Answer 17

T

Question 18

Within the troposphere, the atmosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude.

Answer 18

F

Question 19

Cool, dense air causes low pressure at the surface, whereas warm, less dense air causes high pressure.

Answer 19

F

Question 20

Why are anticyclones not generally associated with clouds and rain?

Answer 20

Air in anticyclones undergoes warming as the air descends.

Question 21

The maximum Coriolis effect occurs at the equator due to slower rotational velocity compared to higher latitudes.

Answer 21

F

Question 22

The large atmospheric circulation cells that occur between the equator and 30° latitude in each hemisphere are called Hadley cells. ANSWER:

Answer 22

T

Question 23

The temperate regions are characterized by

Answer 23

westerly winds

Question 24

A maritime polar air mass is likely to be dry and cold.

Answer 24

F

Question 25

Tropical cyclones derive their energy from the water’s high latent heat of fusion.

Answer 25

F

Question 26

An iceberg is a variety of sea ice.

Answer 26

F

Question 27

Westerlies

Answer 27

prevailing wind pattern at temperate latitudes

Question 28

The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to anot

Answer 28

CORIOLIS EFFECT

Question 29

The trade winds can be found between 30° and 60°N and S latitudes.

Answer 29

F

Question 30

Surface or wind-driven currents move water primarily in a vertical direction in the ocean.

Answer 30

F

Question 31

Dynamic topography can be used to determine current direction and velocity.

Answer 31

T

Question 32

Western boundary currents such as the Gulf Stream transport warm water from the tropics towards higher latitude

Answer 32

T

Question 33

Downwelling may be the result of winds blowing parallel to a coastline or the convergence of surface currenTS

Answer 33

T

Question 34

The West Wind Drift occurs at 60°N around the Arctic Circle.

Answer 34

F

Question 35

The Gulf Stream moves water away from the equator; the Benguela Current moves some of this same water back

Answer 35

F

Question 36

Deep ocean currents often move cold, dense water away from the poles.

Answer 36

T

Question 37

Deep ocean water can be enriched in oxygen when it is mixed with surface water.

Answer 37

T

Question 38

Deep ocean water masses have characteristic temperatures and salinities.

Answer 38

T

Question 39

The densest ocean water is North Atlantic Deep Water.

Answer 39

F

Question 40

Surface currents affect about 90% of the world’s ocean water.

Answer 40

F

Question 41

In the northern hemisphere, Ekman transport pushes surface water to the right of the wind direction. ANSWER:

Answer 41

T

Question 42

Monsoons are seasonal pressure systems that develop at lower latitudes over continents, which cause changes in seasonal winds and precipitation patterns.

Answer 42

T

Question 43

Deep ocean water does not travel across the equator.

Answer 43

F

Question 44

Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles.

Answer 44

T

Question 45

Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments.

Answer 45

F

Question 46

The organisms that contribute to biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans.

Answer 46

T

Question 47

Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet).

Answer 47

T

Question 48

Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world.

Answer 48

F

Question 49

Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment.

Answer 49

T

Question 50

Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor.

Answer 50

T

Question 51

metal sulfides

Answer 51

hydrogenous sediment

Question 52

Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine environment

Answer 52

F